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COMMUNITY TYPES

Six Major Vegetation Types are called Biomes. Vegetation height is strongly influenced by temperature patterns and water availability.

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READING ASSIGNMENT

• The material in this lecture is from Freeman, chapter 50, except section 50.2.

• Woody vegetation has leaves on stems above the ground that allow interception of light before it reaches the height of herbaceous plant species.

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Areas of ECOLOGY

• Organismal – interaction of individuals with their biotic and abiotic environment

• Population – changes in the size of populations

• Community – describing how species interact living together in a place

• Ecosystem – flow of energy and materials through communities

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Seasonal Patterns of Precipitation and Temperature Determine Terrestrial Vegetation

For both precipitation and temperature both the average and the seasonal variation are important variable that we will focus on.

Plants are the primary producers. The portion of the year with little chance of a freezing temperature is called the ‘growing season’.

Light comes primarily from above.

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Temperature and Precipitation Global Patterns

• Axis of earth’s rotation is tilted (23°) to plane of earth’s orbit

  • Northern hemisphere season is opposite of season in southern hemisphere

  • Angle of sunlight important (more energy per unit area means higher temperature)

• Temperature drops as elevation increases

  • Water vapor in air often condenses into droplets of water as air rises above the earth

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Global Air Circulation

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Biomes & Vegetation differences

• Biomes are vegetation types that apply on a world-wide scale.

• There are 6 major biomes, with 14 biomes recognized in a recent study.

• ‘Ecoregion’ names vegetation patterns at the scale of size of a state.

• Each place in natural world is unique.

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Major Biomes

• Tundra – polar regions

• Boreal Forest

• Temperate Forest

• Temperate grassland

• Desert

• Tropical Wet Forest - equatorial

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Tropical Wet Forest

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Canopy of Forest

• The canopy layer of a forest is the height at which most of the sunlight is captured by the plants.

• Many forests have a subcanopy layer below the canopy. The subcanopy is typically occupied by trees that can grow in shade and do not get as tall as the canopy species.

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Desert

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Names for Temperate Grasslands

• Prairie North America

• Pampas Argentina

• Steppe Russia

• Veldt Union of South Africa

• Puszta Hungary

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North American Grasslands

Illinois Hill Prairie

Woodworth Prairie

Tallgrass Prairie NP KS

Prairie in Kansas

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Deciduous Forest

GAR, River Forest

Vestal Grove, Northbrook

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Deciduous Forest

• Woody vegetation (trees) require a regular supply of water and are favored by greater and more uniform amounts of precipitation.

• Deciduous trees lose their leaves in the winter.

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Shade Tolerance

• Tree seedlings differ in shade tolerance.

• Oak seedlings generally require high levels of light as seedlings, i.e. are not shade tolerant.

• Sugar maple is locally the most shade tolerant species, which means its seedlings can grow in full shade (as found under a full canopy)

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Boreal Forest

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Tundra

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Biogeography

• The distribution of species about the earth

• The RANGE of a species is a map of the place within which the species is found.

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Range of Prenanthes aspera

From USDA Plants

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“Tension” Zone in Wisconsin

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Biogeography of Species

• Exotic species are have moved to a region they have not historically occupied, -usually as a result of human actions.

• Native species are species that were historically found within a region.

• Autochthonous species have occupied the site of interest for a long time.

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Invasive species

• Species that have recently spread to many sites and have reached high levels of abundance at those species.

• Invasive species displace native species and alter native communities.

• Buckthorn, Rhamnus, is a serious problem in the midwestern USA.

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VOCABULARY

• Biome

• Tropical

• Temperate

• Abiotic

• Canopy

• Shade tolerance

• Invasive species

• Evergreen = conifer

• Deciduous

• Autochthonous

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