Lecture # for Exam 2 Date SUBJECT Problem
Exam 1 16 Feb All material thru 13 Feb  
x2 01 18 Feb The maternal and paternal genes in a diploid individual SEGREGATE when gametes are produced, so each gamete has only the gene from the father or from the mother. Figuring out probabilities of specific gamete genotypes is the essence of genetics, because progeny individuals are produced by random union of one sperm and one egg. If an individual is heterozygous, Ss, what proportion of the gametes it will produce will have the S allele?

 
x2 02 20 Feb Genes are places (locus) along DNA. All loci segregate in meiosis. INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT refers to the outcome of segregation with respect to parental origin of genes. If the loci assort independently then father(F)∙mother(M), & M∙F combinations of are as likely as F∙F and M∙M combination in gametes. slash notation separates genes from mother from those from father by a / ;

How many different kinds of gametes could an individual with the following genotypes produce?

A         HhMmOO

B         VGvgSEse

x2 03 23 Feb HYPOTHESIS TESTING: Exceptions to Mendel’s ‘laws’, ABO blood types, one genotype implies one phenotype, ABO logic to solve problems, RED/WHITE eyes in Drosophila, epistasis, coat color in rodents, gene environment interaction In the ABO blood type system, the AB phenotype is an example of what post-Mendelian genetic idea?
x2 04 25 Feb LINKAGE as non-independent assortment, parental types, recombinant types, r = proportion of recombinants, estimating r from data, constructing a gene map from data, procaryotic sex, genetic maps , slash notation revisited The diploid genotype Hq/hQ will produce _____ percent HQ gametes if the H locus is 30 map units from the Q locus?
x2 05 27 Feb GENOMICS: Genome is the complete DNA sequence of a species, DNA & amino acid sequences and mutation, sequencing techniques, open reading frames, extensive lateral gene transfer in non-eukaryotes, selfish DNA, microsatellites, gene families , small number of genes in humans Describe the relationships of globin gene family to sickle cell anemia and malaria.
x2 06 2 Mar EVOLUTION: Pattern & Process -the idea-  necessary, sufficient, no genetic change means no evolution, logic of evolution, Darwin’s evidence of evolution, adaptation, antibiotic and pesticide resistance evolution, populations and species are changing today, fitness defined, Will antibiotics be able to work for viral diseases? Why or why not.
x2 07 4 Mar ALLELE FREQUENCY: counts and frequency, genotype frequency, allele frequency, phenotype frequency, random mating = individuals in pairs are proportional to genotype frequencies, gene flow, directional selection of alleles, directional and stabilizing selection, finite populations, N individuals = 2N genes With 2 alleles in population, p+q always =1. True or false?
x2 08 6 Mar NEUTRAL THEORY, functional equivalence called neutral, drift inversely proportional to population size, 1/2N, F, fixation, probabilities, polymorphic loci, monomorphic loci, genetic bottleneck, probability of fixation of neutral alleles, geographic genetic structure, migration, phenotypic patterns of selection If at the present time the frequencies of A and a are 0.15 and 0.85 respectively. What is the probability that far in the future the A allele will have a frequency of 100%?
x2 09 9 Mar ADAPTATION: Stories that explain how features function, fish feeding, camouflage, warning coloration, area and volume, ways to increase surface area, allometry, evolution does not necessarily result in increased efficiency List all the types of changes in individuals that can NOT be passed to progeny genetically?
x2 10 11 Mar SPECIATION Species descriptions, range of species, subspecies, biological species concept, morphospecies species concept, phylogenetic species, colonization and extinction, distinctions people feel are valuable (limited by logic), vicariance Species are types 'worth' distinguishing. Is it possible to have disagreement under different values? 
x2 11 13 Mar PHYLOGENY 1: reading a phylogeny, root, node, branch, sister taxa, monophyletic, paraphyletic. phenetic vs cladistic classification, shared derived characters, need for an outgroup, bracket notation, phylogeny from DNA sequence, difference matrix, putting changes onto a phylogeny, definition of a clade, bifurcation What is cladogenesis and where does it occur on a tree? 
x2 12 16 Mar PHYLOGENY 2: Using accumulation of neutral substitutions to estimate most recent common ancestor, the molecular clock; mass extinctions, end of dinosaurs, new lines of evidence =Iridium, mammalian radiation, human economic activity and extinction, passenger pigeon Adaptive radiations describe the fact that the appearance of new forms is not uniform in time. What circumstances have led to adaptive radiations?
Exam 2 18 Mar  Vocabulary emphasized in the Exam 2 section Questions for Exam 2