1 OF 125
AU Aguinis-Herman.
TI Statistical power problems with moderated multiple regression in management research.
SO Journal of Management. 1995 Vol 21(6) 1141-1158.
MJ MULTIPLE-REGRESSION. STATISTICAL-POWER. EXPERIMENTATION. BUSINESS-MANAGEMENT.
ID factors influencing statistical power of moderated multiple regression in management research.
AB Describes moderated multiple regression (MMR) and reviews factors affecting the statistical power of hypothesis tests conducted with MMR in management research. Several artifacts may lead to incorrect inferences of no moderating effect of variables. Solutions to low power situations include design considerations and power analysis before data collection. When low power is suspected, null findings should be interpreted cautiously. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1996 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). ************************************************************************
2 OF 125
AU Stocks-J-T. Williams-Monica.
TI Evaluation of single subject data using statistical hypothesis tests versus visual inspection of charts with and without celeration lines.
SO Journal of Social Service Research. 1995 Vol 20(3-4) 105-126.
MJ VISUAL-DISPLAYS. EVALUATION. HYPOTHESIS-TESTING. DECISION-MAKING. STATISTICAL-TESTS.
MN ADULTHOOD. BEHAVIOR-THERAPY.
ID visual inspection of single S charts with vs without celeration lines vs statistical hypothesis testing procedures, decision accuracy, behavior therapists.
AB Compared the accuracy of visual analysis of single S charts with and without celeration lines. The accuracy of visual inspection vs statistical hypothesis test procedures ( t -test of means and piecewise regression) was also compared. A Monte Carlo simulation was used to create 5 types of AB design charts: (1) a flat (0 slope) baseline with no systematic change in intervention phase (ITP), (2) a flat baseline followed by a 1 SD increase in level in ITP, (3) an ascending baseline with ITP responses following the baseline phase trend (no systematic change), (4) an ascending set of baseline and intervention responses with a 1 SD decrease in level in ITP, and (5) an ascending baseline followed by descending ITP responses. Celeration lines were associated with increased accuracy only when the data showed a trend and when some systematic change occurred between phases. The combined statistical procedures appeared to be most accurate overall. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1996 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). ************************************************************************
3 OF 125
AU James-Jacquelyn-Boone. Lewkowicz-Corinne. Libhaber-Judith. Lachman-Margie.
TI Rethinking the gender identity crossover hypothesis: A test of a new model.
SO Sex Roles. 1995 Feb Vol 32(3-4) 185-207.
MJ SEX-ROLES. AGE-DIFFERENCES.
MN YOUNG-ADULTS. MIDDLE-AGED. AGED. ADULTHOOD.
ID gender identity crossover, 20-39 vs 40-65 vs 66-84 yr olds.
AB Used self-report and projective assessment techniques to examine whether there exists a gender identity crossover at mid-life such that men develop a communal or affiliative orientation and women become more interested in agency and power. 150 men and women (aged 24-84 yrs) were divided into young (aged 20-39), middle-aged (aged 40-65), and old (aged 66-84) age groups. Measures included 6 pictures from the TAT that were coded for achievement, power, intimacy, and affiliation needs, and the Goldberg 50-Bipolar, from which items were selected to derive 'agency' and 'communion' scales. Middle-aged men were lower in the need for power and higher in the need for affiliation than were younger men. There were no age or age by sex differences in self-attributions of agency and communion. There was no evidence of women's becoming more dominant or assertive; they appeared to deepen their relational concerns. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1996 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). ************************************************************************
4 OF 125
AU Bechtel-Gordon-G. Ofir-Chezy. Khuri-Andre-I.
TI Replicated paired comparisons at the individual level.
SO British Journal of Mathematical & Statistical Psychology. 1995 May Vol 48(1) 115-127.
MJ LEAST-SQUARES. STATISTICAL-CORRELATION. MATHEMATICAL-MODELING.
MN CONSUMER-BEHAVIOR. ADULTHOOD.
ID model & generalized least squares analysis for individual paired comparisons, consumers.
AB A model and generalized least squares (GLS) analysis is presented for paired comparisons replicated within individuals. This analysis is applicable to any pairwise judgement or datum that is interpretable as a preference or perceptual difference, and permits any (unknown) pattern of correlations among the paired comparisons. Exact individual-level hypothesis tests and GLS estimates are developed from Wishart distribution theory and applied to a consumer taste panel. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1995 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). ************************************************************************
5 OF 125
AU Bennett-Randy-Elliot. Rock-Donald-A.
TI Generalizability, validity, and examinee perceptions of a computer-delivered Formulating-Hypotheses test.
SO Journal of Educational Measurement. 1995 Spr Vol 32(1) 19-36.
MJ TESTING-METHODS. COGNITIVE-HYPOTHESIS-TESTING. TEST-VALIDITY. COMPUTER-ASSISTED-TESTING.
MN GRADUATE-STUDENTS. ADULTHOOD.
ID generalizability & validity & examinee perceptions of computer delivered version of formulating hypotheses tests, graduate students.
AB Examined the generalizability, validity, and examinee perceptions of a computer-delivered version of the formulating-hypotheses (F-H) item, which presents a situation and asks examinees to generate as many explanations for it as possible. Eight F-H questions were administered to 192 graduate students. Half of the items restricted examinees to 7 words per explanation, and half allowed up to 15 words. Generalizability results showed high interrater agreement. Construct validity analyses found that F-H was only marginally related to the Graduate Record Examinations (GRE), and more strongly related than the GRE to a measure of ideational fluency. Different response limits tapped somewhat different abilities, with the 15-word constraint appearing more useful for graduate assessment. These items added significantly to conventional measures in explaining school performance and creative expression. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1995 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). ************************************************************************
6 OF 125
AU Hill-Wendy-L.
TI On the importance of evolution to developmental psychobiology.
SO Developmental Psychobiology. 1995 Mar Vol 28(2) 117-129.
MJ PSYCHOBIOLOGY. THEORY-OF-EVOLUTION.
ID evolutionary theory in developmental psychobiology.
AB Argues that developmental psychobiology devotes too much attention to structural biology, with its emphasis on proximate mechanisms, and fails to give enough prominence to evolutionary biology and ultimate perspectives. The article portrays the significance of evolution to developmental psychobiology and elaborates on how developmental psychobiology might contribute to refinements in evolutionary theory, especially recent modifications that advocate a greater role for developmental processes. Developmental psychobiology can broaden its perspective to more readily include ultimate analyses of behavioral development by becoming more comparative in its research, moving out of the laboratory, studying individual differences, and incorporating ultimate explanations as hypotheses to test. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1995 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). ************************************************************************
7 OF 125
AU Frederiksen-Norman.
TI The integration of testing with teaching: Applications of cognitive psychology in instruction. Special Issue: Educational reform through national standards and assessment.
SO American Journal of Education. 1994 Aug Vol 102(4) 527-564.
MJ COGNITIVE-PSYCHOLOGY. TEACHING. ACADEMIC-ACHIEVEMENT. SKILL-LEARNING. TESTING.
ID application of cognitive psychology to teaching & testing & cognitive skill development.
AB Discusses, in 3 sections, the applications of cognitive psychology in teaching instruction. The 1st section describes the past of teaching and the decline in school achievement. Section 2 describes some reforms needed in American schools and some higher-order skills that could be developed, such as long-term memory, discourse analysis, and automatic processing. The 3rd section describes some applications of cognitive psychology in the real world, such as apprenticeships, the Algebra Project, the Thinker-Tool Project, interactive learning environments, and a history of formulating-hypotheses tests. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1995 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). ************************************************************************
8 OF 125
AU Baerveldt-Chris. Snijders-Tom.
TI Influences on and from the segmentation of networks: Hypotheses and tests.
SO Social Networks. 1994 Jul Vol 16(3) 213-232.
MJ SOCIAL-NETWORKS. SOCIAL-PROGRAMS. JUVENILE-DELINQUENCY.
MN ADOLESCENCE.
ID network segmentation & social programs & other external events, diffusion of petty crime behavior, high school students, Netherlands.
AB Discusses the influence of network structure and external events, especially social programs, on the diffusion of (new) cultural behavior within a network and on the network structure. Four hypotheses are formulated and tested on data from a previous Dutch study on the diffusion of petty crime in students' networks in high schools. Ss were Dutch students, aged 15-17 yrs, with no institutionalized networks other than the social network. A segmentation index is offered to test the 4 proposed hypotheses on roles of network structure in social interaction. Results indicate that Ss do commit more crime if their social network friends commit crime and that Ss are not influenced more by friends when networks are segmented. It is concluded that network relations partially explained the delinquent behavior of the students. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1995 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). ************************************************************************
9 OF 125
AU Banks-David. Carley-Kathleen.
TI Metric inference for social networks.
SO Journal of Classification. 1994 Vol 11(1) 121-149.
MJ PROBABILITY. PREDICTABILITY-MEASUREMENT.
ID probability measure for network valued random variables.
AB Using a natural metric on the space of networks, the authors define a probability measure for network-valued random variables. This measure is indexed by 2 parameters that are interpretable as a location parameter and a dispersion parameter. From this structure, one can develop maximum likelihood estimates, hypothesis tests, and confidence regions, all in the context of independent and identically distributed networks. The value of this perspective is illustrated through application to portions of the friendship cognitive social structure data gathered by D. Krackhardt (1987). (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1994 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). ************************************************************************
10 OF 125
AU Lynn-Richard. Owen-Kenneth.
TI Spearman's hypothesis and test score differences between Whites, Indians, and Blacks in South Africa.
SO Journal of General Psychology. 1994 Jan Vol 121(1) 27-36.
MJ TEST-SCORES. APTITUDE-MEASURES. COGNITIVE-ABILITY. RACIAL-AND-ETHNIC-DIFFERENCES. SOUTH-AFRICA.
MN WHITES. BLACKS. ETHNIC-GROUPS. STATISTICAL-CORRELATION. ADOLESCENCE.
ID scores on South African Junior Aptitude Tests, assessment of cognitive ability, White vs Black vs Indian 15-16 yr olds, South Africa, test of C. Spearman's hypothesis of g loading correlation.
AB Tests C. Spearman's (1927) hypothesis that Black-White differences on a set of cognitive tests are positively associated with the tests' g loadings (the general intellectual ability) in a South African sample. 1,056 White, 1,093 Black, and 1,063 Indian adolescents (residents of South Africa) participated in a study that employed the South African Junior Aptitude Tests. Considerable test score differences existed among the 3 groups. It was found that, although the mean White-Indian differences were about 1 standard deviation, these differences did not support the hypothesis. Black-White differences were ambiguous; the correlation of .62 between the Black g and the Black-White differences strongly support the hypothesis. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1994 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). ************************************************************************
11 OF 125
AU Vilkki-Juhani. Ahola-Kirsi. Holst-Peter. Ohman-Juha. et al.
TI Prediction of psychosocial recovery after head injury with cognitive tests and neurobehavioral ratings.
SO Journal of Clinical & Experimental Neuropsychology. 1994 Jun Vol 16(3) 325-338.
MJ INTELLIGENCE-MEASURES. NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL-ASSESSMENT. PREDICTION. PSYCHOSOCIAL-READJUSTMENT. HEAD-INJURIES.
MN AGED. BRAIN-DAMAGED. LONGITUDINAL-STUDIES. ADOLESCENCE. ADULTHOOD.
ID cognitive flexibility vs mental programing vs intelligence measures, prediction of psychosocial recovery, 16-70 yr olds assessed 1 yr after closed head injuries.
AB A series of 53 patients (aged 16-70 yrs) was studied using a battery of tests and the Neurobehavioral Rating Scale (NRS) on average 4 mo after closed-head injury (CHI). Social outcome was assessed 1 yr after CHI by interviewing a family member. Results support the hypothesis that tests of flexibility and mental programming rather than tests of cognitive skills predict psychosocial recovery after CHI. Spatial Learning by Self-Set Sub-Goals and the Sorting test were measures of flexibility and programming. Word fluency performance was unrelated to these measures but was associated with conventional intelligence tests, which did not predict psychosocial recovery. Cognition/Energy deficit on the NRS and increased age were useful predictors of poor psychosocial outcome, whereas computed tomography findings or the Glasgow Coma Score were weakly related to the outcome indices. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1994 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). ************************************************************************
12 OF 125
AU Hoyle-Rick-H.
TI Introduction to the special section: Structural equation modeling in clinical research. Special Section: Structural equation modeling in clinical research.
SO Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology. 1994 Jun Vol 62(3) 427-428.
MJ STRUCTURAL-EQUATION-MODELING. EXPERIMENTATION. CLINICAL-PSYCHOLOGY.
ID structural equation modeling in clinical research studies.
AB Clinical research hypotheses are becoming increasingly more complex and specific. As a result, clinical research studies often include multiple independent, intervening, and dependent variables in a single study. Nevertheless, a sampling of studies from 3 decades of research published in the Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology reveals that the statistical models adopted by clinical researchers have failed to keep pace with the increasing complexity and specificity of hypotheses and research designs. This article introduces a special section on structural equation modeling, a statistical model well suited for complex and specific hypothesis tests in clinical research studies that include many variables. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1994 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). ************************************************************************
13 OF 125
AU Arnold-Gerald-Kenton.
TI The effects of sample design and measure reliability on LISREL-based hypothesis tests.
SO Dissertation Abstracts International. 1993 Apr Vol 53(10-A) 3503.
MJ STATISTICAL-SAMPLE-PARAMETERS. STATISTICAL-RELIABILITY. HYPOTHESIS-TESTING. MAXIMUM-LIKELIHOOD.
ID sample design & measure reliability, power of hypothesis tests from LISREL's maximum likelihood ratio. ************************************************************************
14 OF 125
AU Calvo-Manuel-G. Eysenck-Michael-W. Estevez-Adelina.
TI Ego-threat interpretive bias in test anxiety: On-line inferences.
SO Cognition & Emotion. 1994 Mar Vol 8(2) 127-146.
MJ TEST-ANXIETY. THREAT. LEXICAL-DECISION. PRIMING. REACTION-TIME.
MN ADULTHOOD.
ID words associated with primed physical vs ego vs nonthreatening events, RT in lexical decision task, college students with high vs low test anxiety.
AB Tested the hypothesis that test anxiety is associated with an online bias towards threatening interpretations of ambiguous information by means of a lexical decision task. Ambiguous sentences (concerned with ego-threat, physical-threat, or nonthreat events) were presented to 16 high- (HTA)- and 16 low-test anxiety (LTA) undergraduates. Sentences were followed by a disambiguating word or a very wordlike corresponding nonword, which either confirmed or disconfirmed the threat implied by the sentence. A control condition involved the presentation of words and nonwords alone, without being primed by the sentences. When words were primed, HTA Ss took longer to respond correctly to the ego-threat confirming nonword, and to the ego threat disconfirming word (ETDW), compared with LTA Ss; likewise, HTA Ss responded faster to the ego-threat confirming word than to the ETDW, compared with LTA Ss. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1994 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). ************************************************************************
15 OF 125
AU Teasley-Barbee-E. Leventhal-Laura-Marie. Mynatt-Clifford-R. Rohlman-Diane-S.
TI Why software testing is sometimes ineffective: Two applied studies of positive test strategy.
SO Journal of Applied Psychology. 1994 Feb Vol 79(1) 142-155.
MJ EXPERIENCE-LEVEL. WRITTEN-COMMUNICATION. RESPONSE-BIAS. COMPUTER-SOFTWARE.
MN ADULTHOOD.
ID expertise & detail of written program specifications, use of positive test strategy in computer software testing, college & graduate students.
AB The term positive test strategy describes the tendency to test a hypothesis with test cases that confirm (i.e., aim to support) rather than disconfirm the hypothesis. Most demonstrations of this phenomenon have involved relatively abstract problems. The authors suggest that people use a positive test strategy in a more applied setting as well, that is, in computer software testing. In 2 experiments, they examined how Ss with varying expertise performed functional testing of software. There was substantial evidence of the use of a positive test strategy: Ss tended to test only those functions and aspects of the software that were specifically described in the specifications as what the software was supposed to do. This effect was only partially mitigated by increasing expertise among testers and by more complete program specifications. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1994 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). ************************************************************************
16 OF 125
AU Hoover-Steven-M.
TI Scientific problem finding in gifted fifth-grade students.
SO Roeper Review. 1994 Feb Vol 16(3) 156-159.
MJ GIFTED. COGNITIVE-HYPOTHESIS-TESTING. TOLERANCE-FOR-AMBIGUITY. CREATIVITY. PROBLEM-SOLVING.
MN ELEMENTARY-SCHOOL-STUDENTS. HIGH-SCHOOL-STUDENTS. AGE-DIFFERENCES. CHILDHOOD.
ID scientific problem finding & hypothesis formulation ability & creativity & tolerance for ambiguity, gifted 5th vs 9th graders.
AB Examined hypothesis formulation/scientific problem finding (SPF) ability relative to creativity in 40 5th graders. SPF was defined as the ability to formulate hypotheses given a realistic situation. Ss were administered the Intolerance of Ambiguity test, the Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking, and the Formulating Hypotheses Test. Quality scores representing mean quality, mean highest quality, and mean best quality and quantity scores representing number of ideas, number of good ideas, and number of unusual ideas were calculated. In general, there was little relationship between verbal creativity and SPF. However there was a significant relationship between fluency and the quantity scores for SPF. When compared with 9th-grade Ss studied by S. M. Hoover and J. F. Feldhusen (see PA, Vol 78:12255), the 9th graders scored significantly higher than the 5th graders on all measures except number of unusual ideas. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1994 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). ************************************************************************
17 OF 125
AU Sohn-David.
TI Psychology of the scientist: LXVI. The idiot savants have taken over the psychology labs| or Why in science using the rejection of the null hypothesis as the basis for affirming the research hypothesis is unwarranted.
SO Psychological Reports. 1993 Dec Vol 73(3, Pt 2) 1167-1175.
MJ NULL-HYPOTHESIS-TESTING.
ID affirmation of scientific hypothesis based on substantive evidence vs solely on rejection of null hypothesis.
AB A fable of a group of idiot savants, who conduct methodologically flawless research to test senseless research hypotheses and are able to affirm some of them on the basis of the rejection of the null hypothesis, is used to dramatize the argument that the rejection of the null hypothesis, by itself, is not sufficient grounds for affirming a research hypothesis. Reasons and examples are given to argue that affirmation of a scientific hypothesis must be based primarily on substantive evidence that is independent of a hypothesis test. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1994 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). ************************************************************************
18 OF 125
AU Dar-Reuven. Serlin-Ronald-C. Omer-Haim.
TI Misuse of statistical tests in three decades of psychotherapy research.
SO Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology. 1994 Feb Vol 62(1) 75-82.
MJ STATISTICAL-TESTS. PSYCHOTHERAPY.
ID misuse of statistical tests in psychotherapy research studies published in "Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology", 1967-68 vs 1977-78 vs 1987-88.
AB Reviews the misuse of statistical tests in psychotherapy research studies published in the Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology in the years 1967-1968, 1977-1978, and 1987-1988. It focuses on 3 major problems in statistical practice: inappropriate uses of null hypothesis tests and p values, neglect of effect size, and inflation of Type 1 error rate. The impressive frequency of these problems is documented, and changes in statistical practices over the past 3 decades are interpreted in light of trends in psychotherapy research. The article concludes with practical suggestions for rational application of statistical tests. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1994 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). ************************************************************************
19 OF 125
AU McKean-Joseph-W. Huitema-Bradley-E.
TI Small sample properties of the Spearman autocorrelation estimator.
SO Perceptual & Motor Skills. 1993 Apr Vol 76(2) 384-386.
MJ STATISTICAL-SAMPLES. STATISTICAL-ESTIMATION. HYPOTHESIS-TESTING.
ID small sample properties of Spearman autocorrelation estimator, appropriateness of rank or conventional parametric estimators & hypothesis tests in time series analysis.
AB The small sample properties of a variant of the Spearman rank correlation coefficient applied in the time-series context were investigated through Monte Carlo methods. The rank method ( r -sub(1S)) has even greater bias than the highly biased conventional parametric procedure; a traditional test of H-sub-0: rho-sub-1 = 0 based on ( r -sub(1S)) yields unacceptable properties. Empirical small sample distributions associated with the rank coefficient differ markedly from the distributions predicted by asymptotic theory. It is concluded that neither rank nor conventional parametric estimators and hypothesis tests are appropriate for small samples (i.e., <50 Ss) in applications of time-series analysis that have been recommended in the behavioral and social science literature. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1993 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). ************************************************************************
20 OF 125
AU Bullis-Connie.
TI Organizational socialization research: Enabling, constraining, and shifting perspectives. Special Issue: Into the new century.
SO Communication Monographs. 1993 Mar Vol 60(1) 10-17.
MJ MODELS. ORGANIZATIONAL-BEHAVIOR. SOCIALIZATION.
ID enabling & constraining perspectives in heuristic model of organizational entry & assimilation & socialization & exit.
AB Emphasizes several themes that emanate from F. M. Jablin's (1987) heuristic model of organizational entry, assimilation, and exit, focusing on enabling and constraining possibilities. The model assumes (1) a developmental perspective of individual-organizational relationships, (2) that information exchange between sources and receivers is the central communicative process, (3) an interactive relationship, and (4) that more rigorous theory testing and detailed specification of definitions, hypothesis tests, and ranges of generalizability of particular theories is enabled. Alternative perspectives on organizational socialization such as corporate discourse and feminist theories are discussed, as are constraining assumptions and future possibilities of the model. The value of questioning extant models is highlighted. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1993 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). ************************************************************************
21 OF 125
AU Saper-Clifford-B.
TI On not-so-simple tests of simple hypotheses: A commentary on the review and model system by De Lacoste and White.
SO Neurobiology of Aging. 1993 Jan-Feb Vol 14(1) 49-50.
MJ ALZHEIMERS-DISEASE. NEUROPATHOLOGY. ETIOLOGY. CEREBRAL-CORTEX. MODELS.
MN PROFESSIONAL-CRITICISM.
ID cortical connectivity model of pathogenesis, patients with Alzheimer's disease, commentary.
AB Asserts that the hypothesis test (concerning the transneuronal spread of Alzheimer's disease (AD) through the brain) called for by M.-C. De Lacoste and C. L. White (see PA, Vol 80:30178) has been done. It is time to move on to discover the neuronal connectivity of the human cortex and to determine the molecular basis of the pathological selectivity of AD. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1993 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). ************************************************************************
22 OF 125
AU Mukunda-Kamala-V. Hall-Vernon-C.
TI Does performance on memory for order correlate with performance on standardized measures of ability? A meta-analysis.
SO Intelligence. 1992 Jan-Mar Vol 16(1) 81-97.
MJ MEMORY. ACHIEVEMENT-MEASURES. META-ANALYSIS. APTITUDE-MEASURES. STANDARDIZED-TESTS.
MN SERIAL-LEARNING.
ID memory for order & achievement & standardized aptitude test performance, meta analysis.
AB A meta-analysis was performed to determine whether memory for order (MFO) measures are related to achievement and intelligence. 225 hypothesis tests relating measures of MFO with performance on standardized tests of ability were included in the analysis. The combined effect size (ES) was moderate and highly significant. Separate meta-analyses were performed for standardized achievement and aptitude tests, partial and whole recall MFO tasks, and for each of the 11 MFO tasks included in the overall analysis. Other task and subject characteristics were coded and used to predict ES. The relationship between partial recall and standardized achievement tests was significantly higher than other relationships involving achievement and aptitude tests. Quality of the MFO task was a significant predictor of ES. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1992 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). ************************************************************************
23 OF 125
AU Ditton-Robert-B. Loomis-David-K. Choi-Seungdam.
TI Recreation specialization: Re-conceptualization from a social worlds perspective.
SO Journal of Leisure Research. 1992 Vol 24(1) 33-51.
MJ SOCIAL-ENVIRONMENTS. RECREATION. THEORIES.
MN SPORTS. ADULTHOOD.
ID social worlds perspective on theory of recreation specialization, sport anglers.
AB Initiated development of a theory of recreation specialization (RS) from a social worlds (SWs) perspective. RS was reconceptualized as (1) a process by which recreation SWs and subworlds (SBWs) segment and intersect into new recreation SBWs and (2) the subsequent ordered arrangement of these SBWs and their members along a continuum. At one end of the continuum is the least specialized SBW and its members and at the other end is the most specialized SBW and its members. Three of 8 propositions presented that linked specialization with elements of SWs and the previous work of H. Bryan (1977) were tested. Empirical hypothesis tests regarding group differences in resource dependency, level of mediated interaction, and importance attached to activity-specific and nonactivity-specific elements of the recreation experience with 4,215 sport anglers provided support for propositions. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1992 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). ************************************************************************
24 OF 125
AU Critchlow-Douglas-E. Verducci-Joseph-S.
TI An omnibus test for systematic changes in judges' rankings.
SO Journal of Educational Statistics. 1992 Spr Vol 17(1) 1-26.
MJ STATISTICAL-ANALYSIS. RANK-ORDER-CORRELATION. STATISTICAL-TESTS.
ID omnibus test for systematic changes in paired rankings.
AB Paired rankings arise when each S in a study independently ranks a set of items, undergoes a treatment, and afterwards ranks the same set of items. For such data, a statistical test is proposed to detect whether the Ss' posttreatment rankings have moved systematically toward some unknown ranking or set of rankings. The null hypothesis for this test is that each S's posttreatment ranking is symmetrically distributed about the pretreatment ranking. The exact and asymptotic null distributions of the test statistic are simulated and compared, and the power of the test is studied. Using paired rankings from an experimental course in literary criticism, some graphical methods are offered for representing such data that help interpret the test results. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1992 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). ************************************************************************
25 OF 125
AU Merydith-Scott-P. Wallbrown-Fred-H.
TI Reconsidering response sets, test-taking attitudes, dissimulation, self-deception, and social desirability.
SO Psychological Reports. 1991 Dec Vol 69(3, Pt 1) 891-905.
MJ RESPONSE-SET. FAKING. SOCIAL-DESIRABILITY. TEST-TAKING. PERSONALITY-MEASURES.
ID response sets & dissimulation & social desirability, test taking in personality assessment & research.
AB Attempts to pull together observations from 3 lines of research (response sets, dissimulation, social desirability) and to ascertain their implications for applied assessment and research on personality. After tracing the evolution of the construct of personality, the author shows how R. B. Cattell's (1986) notion of motivated distortion can provide a superordinate construct for imposing order on the diverse developments. Suggestions for further inquiry include testing Cattell's hypothesis that the test-taking situation elicits role demands that distort personality measurement. An analysis of Cattell's theoretical formulations is provided. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1992 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). ************************************************************************
26 OF 125
AU Jin-Putai.
TI Toward a reconceptualization of the law of initial value.
SO Psychological Bulletin. 1992 Jan Vol 111(1) 176-184.
MJ STATISTICAL-ANALYSIS.
ID analysis of & reconceptualization of law of initial value.
AB Critically reviews the traditional model of the law of initial value ((LIV) J. Wilder, 1967): ''the higher the initial value, the smaller the response to function-raising, the larger the response to function-depressing stimuli.'' Statistically, the usage of r-sub(DX), b-sub(DX), and b-sub(YX ) as the indices of LIV contains a spurious X ( Y - X ) effect. Moreover, defining initial value as a synonym of baseline is too narrow to cover an organism's various states. The parameter of structural relationship beta -sub(e ) value and a null hypothesis test (beta -sub(e) = 1) are recommended to examine initial-value dependency for different levels of initial value and trends of change. Data suggest that LIV should be revised as follows: The higher the initial value, the greater the organism's following reactivity, although a tendency to reversed responses may occur when the initial value reaches its upper extremity. Both phenomena are probably due to constitutional and homeostatic mechanisms, respectively. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1992 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). ************************************************************************
27 OF 125
AU Becker-Betsy-J.
TI Small-sample accuracy of approximate distributions of functions of observed probabilities from t tests.
SO Journal of Educational Statistics. 1991 Win Vol 16(4) 345-369.
MJ FREQUENCY-DISTRIBUTION. STATISTICAL-PROBABILITY. T-TEST. SAMPLING-EXPERIMENTAL.
ID small sample accuracy of nonnull asymptotic distributions of functions of observed probabilities from t tests.
AB The observed probability p is the social scientist's primary tool for evaluating outcomes of statistical hypothesis tests. Functions of p s are used in tests of ''combined significance,'' meta-analytic summaries based on sample probability values. This study examines nonnull asymptotic distributions of several functions of 1-tailed sample probability values (from t tests). Normal approximations were based on the asymptotic distributions of z ( p ), the standard normal deviate associated with the 1-sided p value; of ln ( p ), the natural logarithm of the probability value; and of several modifications of ln ( p ). Two additional approximations, based on variance-stabilizing transformations of ln ( p ) and z ( p ), were derived. Approximate cumulative distribution functions (cdfs) were compared to the computed exact cdf of the p associated with the 1-sample t test. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1992 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). ************************************************************************
28 OF 125
AU Goldberg-Gerald-F. Callahan-John-P.
TI Comparative analyses of instructor ranking based on student evaluations.
SO College Student Journal. 1991 Jun Vol 25(2) 198-200.
MJ TEACHER-CHARACTERISTICS. BUSINESS-EDUCATION. STUDENT-ATTITUDES. STUDENT-CHARACTERISTICS. ACADEMIC-ACHIEVEMENT.
MN HUMAN-SEX-DIFFERENCES. COLLEGE-STUDENTS. ADULTHOOD.
ID grade received & instructor status & sex & course level, rating of instructors, college students in business courses.
AB Examined whether student rating of instructors in undergraduate business courses is independent of each of 4 factors: grade, instructor status, instructor gender, and course level. 3,408 undergraduates evaluated 127 courses. Chi-square analysis was used to test a hypothesis about the independence fo Ss' rating of instructors and each factor. Significant p -values for the hypothesis tests indicate that Ss' rating of instructors was dependent on the 4 factors investigated. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1991 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). ************************************************************************
29 OF 125
AU Gustafson-Roland. Kallmen-Hakan.
TI Alcohol and the compensation hypothesis: A test with cognitive and psychomotor tasks.
SO Perceptual & Motor Skills. 1990 Dec Vol 71(3, Pt 2) 1367-1374.
MJ ALCOHOL-INTOXICATION. MOTIVATION. PERCEPTUAL-MOTOR-PROCESSES. COGNITIVE-PROCESSES.
MN INCENTIVES. ADULTHOOD.
ID degree of intoxication & motivation, performance on cognitive & psychomotor tasks, intoxicated Ss.
AB Tested the hypothesis that moderately intoxicated Ss can compensate for the detrimental effects of alcohol. 54 Ss were assigned to low incentive, high incentive, or control groups. High and low incentive groups received 1 ml/kg body weight of alcohol. Ss completed the Stroop Color and Word Test (CWT), a cognitive-perceptual dot task, and a psychomotor task. Alcohol deteriorated the ability to perform on the CWT and the dot task but had no effect on the psychomotor task. Intoxicated Ss took significantly longer time to complete the CWT and had a higher proportion of errors on the dot task than controls. Intoxicated Ss, especially those motivated to perform well, may have consciously slowed their speed to keep high accuracy on the CWT and the psychomotor task. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1991 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). ************************************************************************
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AU Murray-Keith-B.
TI A test of services marketing theory: Consumer information acquisition activities.
SO Journal of Marketing. 1991 Jan Vol 55(1) 10-25.
MJ CONSUMER-ATTITUDES. MARKETING. INFORMATION-SEEKING. CONSUMER-BEHAVIOR.
MN THEORIES. ADULTHOOD.
ID perceived risk of service, information acquisition, consumers, test of services marketing theory.
AB Explores the information needs of service consumers by developing 6 hypotheses to test the information acquisition of service buyers. A balanced complete block design with repeated measures was used. 256 questionnaire response sets from 120 men and 136 women were analyzed. Data support the basic research thesis that because services are higher in perceived risk, they create distinctive information needs in consumers. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1991 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). ************************************************************************