UŽDUOTIS. 3 savaitė. Bendrinės kalbos (bk) pavadinimai (bendrinė, standartinė kalba, koinė, common language) ir susiję terminai: standardization, codification, purism ir kt.

Europos bendrinių kalbų istorijos teorija, Lith 410, UIC

Studijuoti ir palyginti lingvistinius terminus, susijusius su bendrine (standartine) kalba.

Perskaitytina literatūra pagal terminus:

(a) BENDRINĖ KALBA
Jonikas, Lietuvių bendrinės rašomosios kalbos kūrimasis antrojoje XIX a. pusėje, Čikaga: Pedagoginis lituanistikos institutas, 1972, 1–6.
Pupkis, Kalbos kultūros pagrindai, Vilnius, Mokslas, 1980, 7–8.
Subačius, Žemaičių bendrinės kalbos idėjos, 1998, 20–22.

(b) COMMON LANGUAGE
Haugen 1972, 249.
Migliorini 1966, 365: (XIX a. pr.) „The fact that controversies had gone on for so long proved that Italians did not really have a common language. In order to get one, some people counselled having recourse in the first instance to the dialect of Florence and then to those of other cities“.

(c) STANDARD LANGUAGE
Milroys 1987, 23.
Wells, German: A Linguistic History to 1945, 1985, 200–201, 225.
Hadumod Bussman, Routledge dictionary of Language and Linguistics, London and New York: Routledge, 1996, 451–452.
David Crystal, An Encyclopedic Dictionary of Language and Languages, Oxford, Cambridge: Blackwell, 1992, 366.
Lodge 1993, 25.
Dalia Cidzikaitė, „Anglų kalbos terminai common language, national language, literary language, King’s language, standard language ir jų lietuviški atitikmenys“, Archivum Lithuanicum 4, 273–282.

(d) NACIONALINĖ KALBA, NATIONAL LANGUAGE
Oswald Ducrot, Tzvetan Todorov, Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Sciences of Language, Baltimore and London: The John Hopkins University Press, 1979, 59: „The term ‘national language’ refers to the official language within state. [...] Generally established rather late in the life of state, often simply a local dialect that has achieved supremacy, the official language is imposed by the government [...]“

(e) RAŠOMOJI KALBA, WRITTEN LANGUAGE
Palionis 1995, 9.
Jonikas 1972, 1–6.
Jonikas 1987, 127, 128, 308.
Bussman 1996, 526.
Einar Haugen, The Scandinavian Languages, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University press, 1976, 44–45.

(f) LITERATŪRINĖ KALBA, LITERARY LANGUAGE
Wells 1985, 225.
Bussman 1996, 287.
Asher R.E., The Encyclopedia of Language v. 4, 1994, p. 2247–2249.
Maiden 1995: „it is probably better for our purposes in this book to avoid the term ‘old Italian’ altogether, and to date the emergence of ‘Italian’, with quite deliberate vagueness, from the ‘fifteenth or sixteenth centuries’, the centuries during which a form of Tuscan dialect (based principally on Florentine) was becoming generally accepted as the literary language of Italy“ (p. 10).
„Before the fifteenth century, it might be more accurate to talk of ‘old Tuscan’ rather than of ‘old Italian’, since Tuscan was not universally accepted as the Italian lingua, even though the perception of the prestige and primacy of Tuscan was gathering ground from the time of Dante onwards“ (p. 11).
„In the fifteenth century we find the terms fiorentino, toscano and italiano being used sometimes interchangeably. And, so far as one can determine, there was relatively little divergence between written Tuscan dialect and spoken Tuscan dialect“ (p. 11).
„‘Florentineness’ of literary Italian in the sixteenth century should not be overstated. Already in the fifteenth century a literary language was gaining ground throughout Italy whose basis was undoubtedly Florentine, but which had acquired general characteristics which could be said to be ‘Italian’, but were not typical of Florence...“ (p. 7).

Auty 1977, 35–36: „By the early nineteenth century the Russian literary language began to take on its modern form, as a fusion of Church Slavonic and vernacular elements“ (p. 36).
Migliorini 1966, 179: (apie italų kalbą) „The standardizing efect of printing was not felt until the end of the century [of Quattrocento]. In the first half, the literary language was not in a position to impose standards“.

(g) BOOK LANGUAGE
Wells 1985, 190, 193, 200–201.

(h) KOINE
Palionis 1995, 120.
Karaciejus 1998, 135.
Haugen 1972, 238.
Wells 1985, 198.
Bussman 1996, 250.
Crystal 1992, 209.
Asher R.E., The Encyclopedia of Language v. 4, 1994, p. 1864–1867.
Lodge 1993, 111.
Joseph 63–65.

(i) BK VARIANTAI (AR RAŠOMOSIOS KALBOS VARIANTAI)
Palionis 1995, 44, 119.
Zinkevičius, 1990, 24.
Haugen 1972, 239.
Leith 1983, 38, 39.
Fisher The Emergence of Standard Language 1996, 51.
Blake, 1996, 173: „There was in fact no standard language in London before Chancery standard, although as we have seen there were various standardised varieties.“

(j) NORMINIMAS
Pupkis 1980, 34–35.
Palionis 1995, 9.
Jonikas 1987, 128.
Zinkevičius, 1990, 322–323.
Wells 1985, 198, 224, 225.

(k) STANDARDIS(Z)ATION
Lodge 1993, p. 22–24.
Leith 1983, 32 (ir kitur žiūrėti).
Ferguson 1968.
Milroys 1987, 17, 22–23, 27.
Crystal 1992, 366.
Asher R.E., The Encyclopedia of Language v. 8, 1994, p. 4340–4342.

(l) LANGUAGE ENGINEERING
Leith 1983, 32.
Joseph 60–63.

(m) CODIFICATION
Pupkis, 34–35.
Haugen 1972, 249.
Lodge 1993, 153.
Wells 1985, 190, 209.
Crystal 1992, 70.
Leith 1983, 49, 56.