After studying the lecture notes, you should be able to:
1. Define and use correctly the following terms: drug metabolism, xenobiotic, detoxification, bioactivation, toxicity, pro-drug, endogenous, free radical, electrophile, nucleophile, first pass effect, biotransformation, covalent bond, bioavalability, carcinogenesis, cancer, epoxide, carbocation, quinone, toxicant, monooxygenase.
2. Explain the difference between phase I metabolism and phase II metabolism. Provide examples of each.
3. List all categories of phase I reactions. Provide examples of each, and identify the enzyme involved in catalysis.
4. Cite factors that help determine whether a compound is absorbed or presystemically eliminated.
5. Identify three classes of reactive intermediates, and explain the three major mechanisms by which they produce toxicity.
6. Discuss the possible fates of a reactive intermediate. Explain why the most reactive intermediates are not necessarily the most toxic.
7. Explain the concept of enzyme induction. Give examples in which induction is necessary to produce a reactive intermediate.
8. List several drugs that are known to be toxic. Draw the mechanism of their toxicity, and explain why they are prescribed despite their propensity to form reactive intermediates.
9. Explain the concept of redox cycling.
10. Explain the function of an antioxidant, and show mechanistically how a common antioxidant functions.
11. List sites of drug metabolism. Identify the organs that contain the most drug-metabolizing enzymes.
12. List all categories of phase II reactions. Provide examples of each, and identify the enzyme involved in catalysis.