Benson: "Free Agency and Self-Worth" j.Santiago

Intro: Sketch of new "weak" substantive conditions of autonomy. Plan is to critique mainstream views, then build new account that has more social dimensions directly in it.

  1. Unfree Action and Free Action
    1. Unfreedom: "primary modes" –a negative start (initial concerns)
    1. Lack of willful control of behavior
    2. Lack of ability to control/regulate the will "in light of what matters to the agent." (p. 652)
    1. Free Agency: positive characterization
    1. Govern behavior via one’s will
    2. Control/Alter the will in a reflective process
    1. The Free Agent
    1. "Content neutral" approaches presuppose the agent is identified with some reflecting element of their will.
    2. When this region is in control [of the will] we are free.
  1. Gaslighted Agents: a challenge to the received view
    1. Example: a woman slowly manipulated by husband to the point if confusion, disorientation, and low self-esteem. He then is in position to gain fortune.
    2. Reflective Abilities Intact: she can regulate behavior and authorize her will/motives, yet she is not free –she’s "disengaged" from acts.
    3. Self-Worth and Self-Trust
    1. Feminist Gaslight: Agent believes that there are good reasons for self-skepticism –"authorities" she accepts dictate it.
    2. Disassociation: identification with the abilities/procedure that is supposed to authorize motives breaks down –one no longer feels worthy of legitimately authorizing those motives, even though they in fact retain actual ability to do so.
  1. Self-Worth and Autonomy
    1. Multiple Self-Worths
    1. Slaves: estranged from full moral self-worth, and powers of reason
    2. Gaslight: estranged from reason
    3. Shamed Person: not estranged from self-evaluative competency but have lost respectability/honorable status
    1. Interpersonal Self Worth: fit for participating in certain relations with others
    1. Normative Dimensions: standards exist for legitimate occupancy of such relations
    2. Self-positioning: self-regarding competence to answer (potential) others in normatively governed relations.
    1. Clarifications: the condition of self-worth
    1. Subjectivity: does not entail that agent really is competent
    2. Local Normative Domains: in some relations we may feel confident and identify with our worthiness to occupy the role, in others not so.
    3. Treading a Substantive Hairline: place between content neutrality and content specific views restricts content of agents motivations/attitudes –but not on basis of content, rather on basis of the function it plays in establishing or diminishing the requisite sense of worthiness.