Intro: Assess hierarchical views and propose a new one.

1. Centrality of Choice & Challenges to Autonomy

1. Everyday Notions

1. Choosing: main act of autonomy
2. Conditions of Choice-making: immediate context

1. Local Conceptions: tied to individual choice, i.e. uncoerced choice
2. Global Conceptions

1. Motivation: choices can go on w/out meta-reflection
2. Spirit of Autonomy: critical reflection about standards –to make a choice "one’s own."
3. Pertinent Information: "what lies behind choices"

1. Challenge: Determinants

1. Variety of Determinants can be used to explain a choice
2. Intuition: determinants rob "ownership," i.e. they "give us" principles, standards, and desires on which we make choices –they are what lies behind choices.

1. Critique of Autonomy Conferring Status of Critical Reflection

1. CR as more "truly of the self"

1. The "True" Self: special ontological status granted to 2^nd order reflection
2. Identification: this relationship that an agent has to her desires has ontological significance –it creates autonomy.

1. Meaning of True Self: possible options for the "reflecting self"

1. Already Autonomous: reflection translates this property to 1st order
2. Not Autonomous: reflecting self is not autonomous, but in some other sense the "true" self. (c.f. procedurally so)

1. Difficulties with "already aut": Regress, Socialization, and Incompleteness
2. Identification: reflecting self is not autonomous, but "true" nonetheless

1. Set Up: True Self – Act (identification) – Desire
2. Critiques

1. Implausible for "true self" to be non-autonomous –for that would mean we don’t "own" our true self
2. "True Self" and "Identification" are incoherent: true/whole distinction is odd, and in fact the "whole" identifies with the "true" –so what’s sense of saying such a process yields a true self?

1. Integration Model

1. Abandon "Top-Down" logic: hierarchical model relies upon reference to ontologically higher principles –yet this creates need for doing same with those to account for their autonomy.
2. "Whole-Self" Judging: adopt system of checks and balances, i.e. top-down and bottom-up evaluations

1. Alternating standpoints: bottom-up method checks "higher" principles
2. Opens room for emotional connection: fear, frustration, joy, etc. (c.f. tutoring to teaching when otherwise never consider it)

1. Real Self

1. Highest Principles: notion is understood as logically "higher" not ontologically so –generalizations.
2. Rethinking Tradition: "authentic" self or "real" self is often equated with conscious or rational self –yet since Freud we have an alternative model of "person," c.f. Biological vs. Rational, Natural vs. Planned (Purpose), Instinct vs. Free-Will (choice)