| Course Schedule (Click on a week for course content) |
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8 / 25 |
Introduction: Course goals, student goals, evaluations. Examples of health behavior models: Social networks, "social neuroscience", non-conscious determinants of behavior. |
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9 / 1 |
Overview of Health behavior & behavioral medicine concepts |
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9 / 8 |
Applications of personality theory to health & health behavior. |
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9 / 15 |
Basic attitude theory, self-regulation |
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9 / 22 |
Self-regulation, Self-Efficacy and Health Belief models. |
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9 / 29 |
General Social-Cognitive / Affective Models |
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10 / 3 |
Judgments of vulnerability & risk estimation. |
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10 / 6 |
Self-awareness, "Automaticity", and Cognitive Escape. |
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| Some out-of-the-blue bonus readings on evolutionary perspectives. |
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10 / 13 |
Dual systems theories: affect and cognition. |
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10 / 20 |
Overview of Psychoimmunology: affect, coping and health. |
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10 / 27 |
Psychoimmunology 2: Effects and interventions |
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11 / 3 |
Socio-economic Status and Health. |
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11 / 10 |
Minority group stress, SES, Race and Health. |
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11 / 17 |
Policy, Economic and Political Influences on Health. |
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Week 15 |
11 / 24 |
No class: have a happy Thanksgiving. |
12 / 1 |
Spirituality, Happiness, Mindfulness, Well-Being and Health. |
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Announcements & Miscellany The importance of Touch
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Why are healthy decisions so difficult? |
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| Click the image for a NYT Sunday MagazIne overview of "decisional fatigue": |
| Overview |
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Lecture Notes. Many weeks have PowerPoint notes associated with them. If you decide to print them your might wait until the week before each class to print these, since I will likely be changing them as we proceed. Grant Proposal. The other evaluation is your writing a brief PHS-style grant proposal, presenting an empirically testable model of a health behavior or intervention. Students are strongly advised to articulate this project with their other (MA, Prelim, Ph.D.) work. We will discuss these in class. I will also expect students to present their ideas to the class in 15 minute APA-style talks (we will see if we have time for everyone to get a turn). An over-inclusive paper outline is here. The Health Blog I have been periodically writing to is here. I plan to use in for class, so check it out. |
| Week 1 |
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Introductions, student goals and projects, overall framework of Health Psychology This first week we will articulate goals. So, for your Wiki entry, besides commenting on the papers please note your interests in Health Behavior and/or theories or empirical questions you are particularly interested in. I will try to adjust the schedule to meet everyone's interests. To kick off we will have readings at two extremes, to illustrate the range of issues we will address and to get you all thinking. The first is on social networks and obesity, and two others taking a neurobiological look at behavior, one a review of "Social neuroscience" and another on histocompatability, mating and romantic faithfulness (and you thought love was an emotion...). Warm-up Reading Do your friends make you fat (happy, fit, a smoker...)? Read a nice overview of social network approaches to health, particularly the Christakis & Fowler analyses of the Framingham study, from the NYT Sunday Magazine (click image; a word version is here).
Click this image for a critique of the Christakis & Fowler analysis, also from the NYT: Lecture Notes HerePrimary Readings Christakis, N. A., & Fowler, J. H. (2007). The Spread of Obesity in a Large Social Network over 32 Years. N Engl J Med, 357(4), 370-379. Link
Barabasi, A.-L. (2007). Network Medicine -- From Obesity to the "Diseasome". N Engl J Med, 357(4), 404-407. Link Cacioppo, J. T., Amaral, D. G., Blanchard, J. J., Cameron, J. L., Sue Carter, C., Crews, D., et al. (2007). Social Neuroscience: Progress and Implications for Mental Health. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 2(2), 99-123. Link Garver-Apgar, C. E., Gangestad, S. W., Thornhill, R., Miller, R. D., & Olp, J. J. (2006). Major Histocompatability Complex Alleles, Sexual Responsivity, and Unfaithfulness in Romantic Couples. Psychological Science, 17(10), 830-835. Link Christakis, N. A., & Fowler, J. H. (2008). The Collective Dynamics of Smoking in a Large Social Network. N Engl J Med, 358(21), 2249-2258. Link Fowler, J. H., & Christakis, N. A. (2008). Dynamic spread of happiness in a large social network: longitudinal analysis over 20 years in the Framingham Heart Study. British Medical Journal, 337(dec04_2), a2338-a2347. Link Click here for comments and rebuttals on this line of research |
| Week 2 |
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These readings are a little dated but give good overviews of core concepts and models. We will do more "big picture" stuff as we go along, particularly on the Psychosocial side. The Krantz article is limited to CHD, but gives a more recent look at core constructs. Lecture Notes Here Primary readings Breslow, L. (2004). Perspectives: The Third Revolution in Health. Annual Review of Public Health, Preface,Vol. 25, xii - xviii. Link House, J.S., Landis, K.R., & Umberson, D (1988). Social relationships and health. Science, 241, 540-545. Link Holt-Lunstad, J., Smith, T. B., & Layton, J. B. (2010). Social Relationships and Mortality Risk: A Meta-analytic Review. PLoS Med, 7(7), e1000316. Link Baum, A. & Posluszny, D.M. (1999). Health Psychology: Mapping Biobehavioral Contributions to Health and Illness. Annual Review of Psychology, 50, 137-163. Link Krantz, D. S., & McCeney, M. K. (2002). Effects Of Psychological And Social Factors On Organic Disease: A Critical Assessment of Research on Coronary Heart Disease. Annual Review of Psychology, 53(1), 341-369. Link Bonus Reading Gladwell, M. The Tipping Point. New Yorker. Link |
| Week 3 |
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Basics of personality theory and applications to coping, health behavior, and physical health. The "Big 5" personality perspective has been increasingly applied to coping, health and health behavior. "Neuroticism" is one of these factors, and as we will see this variable shows up in many papers ranging from the immune system to sexual safety. "Conscientiousness" also emerges in some data on health precaution. Kick off with a modest length 2010 paper by Carver & Connor -Smith on personality and coping. This provides a nice, concise overview of the "Big 5" model, the coping literature, and the concept of stress. They then present a fairly descriptive discussion of linkages between personality "types" and coping styles. We then get more direct links between personality and physical illness and, in a broad epidemiological study, all-cause mortality.
Take the Big 5 personality inventory here. Warm-up reading Are kids inherently riskier than adults? Is it their brain? Or is that a myth? Click image for an interesting NYT op-ed piece.Males, M. This Is Your (Father’s) Brain on Drugs. New York Times, September 17, 2007. Primary readings Carver, C. S., & Connor-Smith, J. (2010). Personality and Coping. Annual Review of Psychology, 61(1), 679-704. Link Smith, T. W., & MacKenzie, J. (2006). Personality and Risk of Physical Illness. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 2(1), 435-467. Link Bonus Readings Amodio, D. M., Master, S. L., Yee, C. M., & Taylor, S. E. (2008). Neurocognitive components of the behavioral inhibition and activation systems: Implications for theories of self-regulation. [Article]. Psychophysiology, 45(1), 11-19. Link |
| Week 4 |
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Basic attitude theory, self-regulation
There are some more recent attitude reviews than those I have included, but Ajzen's seems most straightforward, and I am not sure the field has changed that much in the past few years. Ajzen wrote the granddaddy of attitude theories - the theory of reasoned action - with Marty Fishbein at UIUC. We will spend a lot of time later on more sophisticated cognitive theories from Social Psychology, but this is a good review. I am also including a bonus paper on attitude change and persuasion by Wendy Wood. To some extent that is the real bottom line for us, but I don't want to load you up with too many readings. Get to it if you can, however.
I have requests for video content in the course. I'm not sure what that really should consist of, but I did find a very informative video clip on attitudes: click the image to be enlightened. Primary readings Ajzen, I. (2001). Nature And Operation Of Attitudes. Annual Review of Psychology, 52(1), 27-58. LinkKaroly, P. (1993). Mechanisms of self-regulation: A systems view. Annual Review of Psychology, 44, 23-52. Link Williams, G.C., Rodin, G.C., Ryan, R.M., Grolnick, W./S., & Deci, E.L. (1998). Autonomous regulation and long - term medication adherence in adult outpatients. Health Psychology, 17(3), 269-276. Link Albarracin, D., Johnson, B. T., Fishbein, M., & Muellerleile, P. A. (2001). Theories of reasoned action and planned behavior as models of condom use: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 127(1), 142-161.Link Bonus Reading Wood, W. (2000). Attitude Change: Persuasion and Social Influence. Annual Review of Psychology, 51(1), 539-570. Link ![]() Politics, fear mongering, and attitudes toward vaccines |
| Week 5 |
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More on self-regulation & Self-Efficacy.
Lecture Notes Here Warm-up media Warm-up reading Primary readings Carver, C.S. & Scheier, M.F. (2000). On the structure of behavioral self-regulation. In: M. Boekaerts, P. Pintrich & M. Zeidner (Eds)., Handbook on Self-Regulation. New York : Academic Press. Pp. 41-84. LinkMyrseth, K., & Fishbach, A. (2009). Self-Control: A Function of Knowing When and How to Exercise Restraint. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 18(4), 247-252. Link Bandura has a concise overview of his model-of-all-of-behavior on his web site. |
| Week 6 |
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Cognitive representations of health and illness: The first paper is a nice (brief!) overview of the history of cognitive - health models, with a reveiw of applications of one model to adherence and health in diabetes. The Wu paper applies a Protection Motivation model to drug use in adolescents. This model is basically a marriage of self-efficacy to risk appraisals. Read it in terms of individual differences in the salience of health and risk avoidance. The Benyamini paper provides a good review of Leventhal's "illness cognition" model, and moves us squarely toward cognitive appraisals of illness and coping resources. They examine affective responses as an outcome variable among women who are coping with a naturally occuring stressor, that of infertility treatment. The final paper provides a very good overview of coping models, stress, and key dimentions of affect. It presents a meta-analysis of experimental stress manipulations, a nice contrast to the measurement models that dominate this field. Their outcome variable is cortisol and immune function, so read this as a warm-up to the psychoimmunology section. Lecture notes here How do placebos work? Introductory Social Cognition Classic Markus, H. (1977). Self-schemata and processing information about the self. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 35(2), 63-78. Link Bonus Readings Ogden, J. (2003). Some problems with social cognition models: A pragmatic and conceptual analysis. Health Psychology, 22(4), 424-428. LinkAjzen, I., & Fishbein, M. (2004). Questions Raised by a Reasoned Action Approach: Comment on Ogden (2003). Health Psychology, 23(4), 431-434. Link Sturges, J.W. & Rogers, R.W. (1996). Preventive health psychology from a developmental perspective: An extension of protection motivation theory. Health Psychology, 15(3), 158-166. Link Ismail, K., Winkley, K., & Rabe-Hesketh, S. (2004). Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials of psychological interventions to improve glycaemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes. The Lancet, 363(9421), 1589-1597. Important reference readings |
| Week 7 |
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We will read Neil Weinstein's basic perspective on optimistic bias in risk perceptions, plus two empirical articles that illustrate these effects. Then read Janet Talors classic discussion of how optimism realistic or otherwise may in fact underlie positive mental health and coping. Following are two papers demonstrating how individual differences in optimism may in fact not only affect coping, but more direct measures of health. Warm up NPR report Click here for an NPR report on how patient attitudes - including perceptions of over vulnerability - drive up health costs.Primary Readings Weinstein, N. (1989) Optimistic Biases about Personal Risks. Science, New Series, 246 (4935),1232-1233. Link Weinstein , N.D. (1980) Unrealistic optimism about future life events. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39, 806-820. Link Arnett, J. J. (2000). Optimistic bias in adolescent and adult smokers and nonsmokers. Addictive Behaviors, 25(4), 625-632. Link Blanton, H., & Gerrard, M. (1997). Effect of sexual motivation on men's risk perception for sexually transmitted disease: There must be 50 ways to justify a lover. Health Psychology, 16(4), 374-379. Link Taylor, S. & Brown, J.D. (1988). Illusion and well-being: A social psychological perspective on mental health. Psychological Bulletin, 103(2), 193-210. Link Raikkonen, K., Matthews, K. A., Flory, J. D., Owens, J. F., & Gump, B. B. (1999). Effects of optimism, pessimism, and trait anxiety on ambulatory blood pressure and mood during everyday life. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 76(1), 104-113. Link Segerstrom, S. C., Taylor, S. E., Kemeny, M. E., & Fahey, J. L. (1998). Optimism is associated with mood, coping and immune change in response to stress. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 74(6), 1646-1655. Link
Bonus Readings Slovic, P., Fishhoff, B. & Lichtenstein, S. (1982). Facts versus fears: Understanding perceived risk. In: D. Kahneman, P. Slovic & A. Tversky (Eds.), Judgment Under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1982.LinkSmith, T. W., Pope, M. K., Rhodewalt, F., & Poulton, J. L. (1989). Optimism, neuroticism, coping, and symptom reports: An alternative interpretation of the Life Orientation Test. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 56(4), 640-648. Link Click the image for a New York Times / Science Times |
| Week 8 |
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Lecture notes here Video warm up Rosemary's Baby (the classic horror flick by Roman Polanski, starring Mia Farrow and John Cassavetes) has a great scene illustrating the interplay of mindlessness and self-awareness here. Does stress make us stupid? Brain changes in response to stress make make us less able to change our ineffective coping behaviors. Click the image for a recent overview from the NYT. Angier, N. Brain Is a Co-Conspirator in a Vicious Stress Loop. New York Times, August 18, 2009.
Primary readings Bonus Reading |
This gets even worse in an evolutionary frame, where the core assumption is that many key behaviors -- mate selection, social organization, eating behaviors are governed by naturally selected brain mechanisms that operate wholly outside of conscious awareness. This assumption has been important to those who stress the continuity of humans and other primates, and therefore assign no special status to the distinctive human characteristics of reflexive consciousness and verbal behavior. Bering & Shackelford counter this trend with interesting discussion of the possible role of human consciousness as a causal factor in evolution. Take a look at this if you need some reassurance that mind may still be important. I am including an Annual Review paper by Caporael that provides a general overview of evolutionary theories applied to Psychology, FYI. In applying evolutionary theories more directly to health I am including a Darwinian view of stress reactions I found very interesting by Korte. He argues that most species divide into Hawks and Doves, each of which represents a coherent approach to coping with adversity (environmental pressure, feeding
), and each of which has distinctive consequences for stress responses and physical health. This gets a little far afield from our discussion of social cognition (it reviews animal research and falls into the unconscious evolutionary mechanism camp), but is a very interesting read on possibly naturally selected stress responses. |
| Week 9 | ||||||||
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As I read the "dual systems" literature it becomes clear that a lot of this theorizing is old wine in new bottles. Carver, in the second paper, makes this clear in harkening back to the psychoanalysts (the "ego psychology" school) for the origins of this view. From a more modern perspective, a lot of this thought overlaps with the "controlled" versus "automatic" distinction in perception and cognition. The difference is that here affect weighs heavily in the "automatic" side, rather than, e.g., highly accessible or automatic thoughts. The Hoffman et al. paper is a very good overview, so spend time on that. Carver attempts a historical and highly integrative review, with more emphasis on stable individual differences in impulsivity or constraint. The Gailliot papers address the very interesting finding that cognitive control or restraint may be a limited resource: after exercising self-regulation on one task people are generally less able to self-regulate on a subsequent task. This is consistent with the larger view that cognitive control is tenuous at best ("...a reed blown in the wind of the emotions." to quote Freud). The first paper reports some relatively minor effects, but does show the effect on actual sexual behavior in the lab (!). The second paper attributes these effects to blood glucose levels, suggesting a relatively straightforward mechanism. The bonus podcast is excellent - make time for it if you can. They review these issues in a very entertaining and informative fashion. Visit for RadioLab site for a variety of really good shows. Finally, you clinical students will be interested in the Carver bonus paper: he ties this process into serotonin levels, and further into depression and aggression. Warm-up PodCast Listen to a great show from NYC RadioLab on choice. From the producers:
Lecture notes here Primary readings Hofmann, W., Friese, M., & Strack, F. (2009). Impulse and Self-Control From a Dual-Systems Perspective. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 4(2), 162-176. Link Carver, C. S. (2005). Impulse and Constraint: Perspectives From Personality Psychology, Convergence With Theory in Other Areas, and Potential for Integration. Personality & Social Psychology Review (Lawrence Erlbaum Associates), 9(4), 312-333. Link Gailliot, M. T., & Baumeister, R. F. (2007). Self-regulation and sexual restraint: Dispositionally and temporarily poor self-regulatory abilities contribute to failures at restraining sexual behavior. [Article]. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 33(2), 173-186. Link Gailliot, M. T., Baumeister, R. F., DeWall, C. N., Maner, J. K., Plant, E. A., Tice, D. M., et al. (2007). Self-control relies on glucose as a limited energy source: Willpower is more than a metaphor. [Article]. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92(2), 325-336. Link Bonus Reading Carver, C. S., Johnson, S. L., & Joormann, J. (2008). Serotonergic Function, Two-Mode Models of Self-Regulation, and Vulnerability to Depression: What Depression Has in Common With Impulsive Aggression. [Review]. Psychological Bulletin, 134(6), 912-943. Link For the truncated version of this paper, see: Strack F, Deutsch R. Reflective and impulsive determinants of social behavior. Personality and Social Psychology Review. 2004;8(3):220-247. |
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| Week 10 |
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Lecture notes here Primary readings Kiecolt-Glaser, J. K., McGuire, L., Robles, T. F., & Glaser, R. EMOTIONS, MORBIDITY, AND MORTALITY: New Perspectives from Psychoneuroimmunology. (2002). Annual Review of Psychology, 53(1), 83-107. Link. Suinn, R. M. (2001). The terrible twos--anger and anxiety: Hazardous to your health. American Psychologist, 56(1), 27-36. Link Bonus readings![]() Classic paper describing conditioning processes in immune function: Ader, R., & Cohen, N. Psychoneuroimmunology: Conditioning and Stress. (1993). Annual Review of Psychology, 44(1), 53-85. Link Everything you needed to know about stress, cytokines, illness behavior and depression: Very interesting evolutionary / ecological perspective on immune function: Of course all these variables interact with genetics. For an overview of "Epigenetics" - the influence of early and ongoing environmental stimulation on the activation of genetic traits - see: |
| Week 11 |
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Lecture notes here Primary readings Wiedenfeld, S. A., O'Leary, A., Bandura, A., Brown, S., & et al. (1990). Impact of perceived self-efficacy in coping with stressors on components of the immune system. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59(5), 1082-1094. Link Good example of a psychotherapy intervention study: Therapy to lessen depression among breast cancer patients also lowers inflammation: Thornton, L. M., Andersen, B. L., Schuler, T. A., & Carson, W. E. (2009). A Psychological Intervention Reduces Inflammatory Markers by Alleviating Depressive Symptoms: Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Controlled Trial. Psychosomatic Medicine, 71(7), 715-724. Link Smyth, J. M. (1998). Written emotional expression: Effect sizes, outcome types, and moderating variables. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 66(1), 174-184. Link Simmons, D. A., & Broderick, P. A. (2005). Cytokines, stressors, and clinical depression: augmented adaptation responses underlie depression pathogenesis. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry, 29(5), 793-807. Link More Psychosocial-oriented Readings in Psychoimmunology Cohen, S., Frank, E., Doyle, W. J., Skoner, D. P., Rabin, B. S., & Gwaltney, J. M., Jr. (1998). Types of stressors that increase susceptibility to the common cold in healthy adults. Health Psychology, 17(3), 214-223. Link |
| Week 12 |
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I have two excellent short bonus articles for you - try to get to them if you can. The first is an overview of social stress, immune and neuroendocrine changes, and infant birth weight: a very concrete example of the stress and health processes we have been discussing. Dunkel-Schetter makes clear references to SES and race in her discussion of these effects. The second is a little far afield - is it an overview of animal studies of separation, proinflammatory cytocine stimulation, and "depression". The interesting element here is that introducing an exogenous anti-inflamatory agent (IL-10) breaks up these strong effects. I also have a link to a very good NYT series on social class in the U.S. Lecture notes here Primary readings
Brief article outlining an informative model of how stress, behavior and immune function contribute to preterm birth (with a focus on SES and race): Hennessy, M. B., Schiml-Webb, P. A., & Deak, T. (2009). Separation, Sickness, and Depression: A New Perspective on an Old Animal Model. [Article]. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 18(4), 227-231. Link Oakes, J. M., & Rossi, P. H. (2003). The measurement of SES in health research: current practice and steps toward a new approach. Social Science & Medicine, 56(4), 769-784. Link |
| Week 13 |
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Begin with an article addressing minority stress, social norms and health behavior among men who have sex with men. This outlines what a minority stress perspective looks like, and addresses some mechanisms. A link to the special issue on GLBT health that this is from is given below. Following this is a very interesting (and short) commentary on how the U.S. meritocracy ideology - we can all be president if we just work hard - may actually harm African-American health. Read this as another variation on the minority stress view. We then have a piece by Rosmond on the Metabolic Syndrome, a key construct in the pathways linking stress and health. This paper does a nice (brief!) job summarizing the general construct of stress, the cluster of poor health outcomes that characterized the metabolic syndrome (high blood pressure, antipose fat, high glucose levels...), and its effects on cardiac health. Nancy Krieger provides a concise discussion of conceptual and methodological questions in addressing the concept of "Race" and health. The LaVeist paper is also nice and short, here describing methodological / conceptual issues in assessing social class. Lecture notes here Primary readings Kwate, N. O. A., & Meyer, I. H. (2010). The Myth of Meritocracy and African American Health. American Journal of Public Health, 100(10), 1831-1834. Link Rosmond, R. (2005). Role of stress in the pathogenesis of the metabolic syndrome. Psychoneuroendocrinology 30(1): 1-10. Link Krieger, N. (2003). "Does racism harm health? Did child abuse exist before 1962? On explicit questions, critical science, and current controversies: An ecosocial perspective." American Journal of Public Health 93(2): 194-199. Link The Hamilton et al. paper is from a special issue of Jr. Counseling Psychology on gay/lesbian issues in mental health. Take a look at that for some other very good papers on this general topic: Journal of Counseling Psychology, Volume 56, Issue 1, 2009, here.
Bloche, M. G. (2004). Health Care Disparities Science, Politics, and Race. New England Journal of Medicine, 350, 1568-1570. Link Steinbrook, R. (2004). Disparities in Health Care From Politics to Policy. New England Journal of Medicine, 350, 1486-1488. Link |
| Week 14 |
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Then a set of three: a short NYT article discusses a paper by Chou and Gross addressing the economics of smoking and weight. They argue that obesity rates have gone up as smoking has become more expensive and difficult (due to restrictive regulation): basically, as public health regulation lessened one key health threat it exacerbated another in the process. Gruber disagrees: I could not find his paper directly addressing Grossmans analysis of the population trend data, so I enclosed another piece of his that provides a larger view of tobacco regulation.
Warm-up readings Primary readings Video Bonus
Click the image for a clip from Guys and Dolls that puts the entire course in perspective.
Bonus Readings Gruber, J. (2002). The economics of tobacco regulation. Health Affairs, 21(2), 146-162. Link. Fat Stigma: The perception that you are (too) fat may cause health problems beyond the actual physical effects of weight... |
| Week 15 | ||||
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We have the (currently) definitive study on whether being prayed for "works" on clear biomedical outcomes, plus two brief comments. This is followed by two papers (one co-authored by Leila Shahabi, one of our grads!) addressing whether simply being religious is health inducing. The Miller paper presents a nice overview of the question (for a special issue of American Psychologist), whereas the Powell paper actually provides a literature review.
Warm-up reading See also a Chicago Tribune discussion of whether Christian Science prayer should be covered as "treatments" in any new health care bill here. Primary readings Does prayer work? Benson, H., Dusek, J. A., Sherwood, J. B., Lam, P., Bethea, C. F., Carpenter, W., et al. (2006). Study of the Therapeutic Effects of Intercessory Prayer (STEP) in cardiac bypass patients: A multicenter randomized trial of uncertainty and certainty of receiving intercessory prayer. American Heart Journal, 151(4), 934-942. Link
Does simply being religous help?
Powell, L. H., Shahabi, L., & Thoresen, C. E. (2003). Religion and spirituality: Linkages to physical health. American Psychologist, 58(1), 36-52. Link. Happiness, positive coping and mindfulness: A secular spirituality? Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2001). ON HAPPINESS AND HUMAN POTENTIALS: A Review of Research on Hedonic and Eudaimonic Well-Being. Annual Review of Psychology, 52(1), 141-166. Link. Brown, K. W., & Ryan, R. M. (2003). The benefits of being present: Mindfulness and its role in psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84(4), 822-848. Link. Bonus Readings |