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Psychology 100 Exam #3 Chaps. 9, 10, 11, 12
Page 1
1. Which of the following instances is more prototypical of the concept bird?
a. robin
b. penguin
c. ostrich
d. chicken
e. peacock
2. Which of the following would be considered a basic concept?
a. Persian cat
b. cat
c. animal
d. none of the above
3. Your father believes that all democrats are big-spending liberals. He expects them all to try to impose governmental restrictions on most of our basic freedoms and he thinks they don't care about old-fashioned moral values. These beliefs and expectations make up a:
a. basic level concept.
b. prototype.
c. proposition.
d. cognitive schema.
4. When Kelly first learned to use a computer, she had to carefully attend to each step involved in accessing a particular program. Now she can access it while talking, listening to the radio, and tapping her feet to the music. The task of accessing the program has now become a(n):
a. attentional process.
b. subconscious process.
c. unconscious process.
d. deliberate, conscious process.
5. "All hockey players wear skates", and "Tom is a hockey player", therefore it can be concluded that "Tom wears skates". These premises and conclusions are an example of:
a. dialectical reasoning.
b. deductive reasoning.
c. informal reasoning.
d. inductive reasoning.
6. Purposeful mental activity which operates on information to reach conclusions is:
a. intuition.
b. concept formation.
c. motivated performance.
d. reasoning.
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7. The form of reasoning in which the premises provide support for a conclusion, but it is still possible for the conclusion to be false is called ______ reasoning.
a. informal
b. inductive
c. reflective
d. deductive
e. dialectical
8. Formal problems can often be solved with ______ whereas informal problems often call for ______.
a. one premise; two premises
b. algorithms; heuristics
c. intuition; insight
d. reason; intuition
9. The tendency to judge the probability of an event by how easy it is to think of examples or instances is referred to as:
a. statistical variance.
b. the availability heuristic.
c. disaster dissonance.
d. probability framing.
10. Given what your text says about framing, you would expect people to rate a condom as more effective if it has a:
a. 95 percent success rate.
b. 5 percent failure rate.
c. 10 percent failure rate.
d. 70 percent success rate.
11. At breakfast one morning, Samantha reads in the newspaper that a neighbor has been charged with assaulting a woman. The family members all concur with each other that they always knew he was psychologically disturbed and that it was only a matter of time before he hurt someone. This may be an example of a(n):
a. confirmation bias.
b. bias due to a mental set.
c. availability bias.
d. hindsight bias.
12. Aptitude tests measure ______ whereas achievement tests measure ______.
a. the general talents a person has; the person's ability to do well in school
b. the person's verbal comprehension; the person's verbal production
c. the ability to acquire skills or knowledge in the future; skills and knowledge you have already learned
d. personality; intelligence
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13. Jennifer applied for a job that involved an intense interview followed by a series of aptitude and cognitive ability tests. One of the tests required that she mentally rotate images of objects. She remembered from her first year psychology class that women in general, do much worse on this task then men. Jennifer performed worse than she was capable of because she felt anxious. Jennifer's behavior best reflects:
a. cognitive dissonance.
b. the halo effect.
c. experimenter bias.
d. stereotype threat.
e. the justification effect.
14. Metacognition refers to:
a. the ability to process multiple stimuli simultaneously.
b. the transfer of information from short-term to long-term memory.
c. the knowledge or awareness of one's own cognitive processes.
d. the effects of cognition on one's perceptual processes.
15. According to the text, a general conclusion that can be reached is that memory is:
a. passive.
b. an exact replica of experience.
c. reconstructive.
d. two of the above.
16. Witnesses to a highway accident were asked either, "At what rate of speed was the defendant driving down the highway when the collision occurred?" or "At what rate of speed was the defendant rushing down the highway when the collision occurred?" Based on previous research, what do you predict will happen?
a. Witnesses in the first group will give a higher speed estimate.
b. Witnesses in the second group will give a higher speed estimate.
c. The speed estimates of the witnesses in the two groups will be the same and much higher than the actual speed.
d. The speed estimates of the witnesses in the two groups will be the same and much lower than the actual speed.
17. In information-processing models of memory, remembering begins with the process of:
a. retrieval.
b. encoding.
c. storage.
d. transfer.
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18. ______ memory retains information for very brief periods. For example, visual information is only held for a maximum of half a second.
a. Episodic
b. Short-term
c. Working
d. Sensory
19. An important difference between sensory memory and short-term memory is that:
a. sensory memory holds information for a few minutes whereas short-term memory holds information for only a few seconds.
b. sensory memory retains information only temporarily whereas short-term memory holds information permanently.
c. sensory memory contains only auditory information whereas short-term memory contains only visual information.
d. the information in sensory memory is an exact sensory image whereas the information in short-term memory is an encoding of the original sensory image.
20. Carmen is playing a game of scrabble with her friend. She is attempting to use all of the seven letters she holds to create a word that will fit with the existing words on the board. She is temporarily holding a number of possible words in her memory. Carmen is using which kind of memory?
a. procedural
b. episodic
c. implicit
d. working
21. Information in long-term memory may be organized by:
a. its familiarity.
b. its semantic groupings.
c. its relevance.
d. its association with other information.
e. all of the above.
22. Maria had not tried to type since she took typing in high school ten years earlier. Therefore, she was quite surprised at how easily it came back to her when she tried to type a letter for a friend. Maria is demonstrating ______ memory.
a. procedural
b. declarative
c. semantic
d. explicit
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23. The tendency to recall the last few items in a list of words better than words from the middle of the list is called the ______ effect.
a. elementary
b. recency
c. primacy
d. acoustic
24. Knowledge of facts, rules and concepts is usually referred to as ______ memory.
a. semantic
b. episodic
c. realistic
d. photographic
25. You are in a long receiving line at a wedding. One by one, individuals come up and you are introduced to them. Right after the introductions are finished, you are likely to remember the names of the individuals:
a. in the middle of the group the best.
b. at the beginning of the group the worst.
c. at the beginning and end of the group the best.
d. at all of the positions in the group equally well.
26. Which of the following should result in the deepest processing?
a. Processing of the physical features of the stimulus.
b. Processing of the meaning of semantic aspects of the stimulus.
c. Recognition of patterns and the assignment of labels to objects or events.
d. Processing of the sensory features of the stimulus.
27. In a study comparing true and false memories, Pet scans revealed that true memories produced activity in ______ while false memories produced activity in frontal-lobe areas thought to be involved in conscious attempts to remember information.
a. left-hemisphere areas involved in processing sounds and speech.
b. frontal-lobe areas involved in unconscious processing.
c. frontal-lobe areas involved in processing images.
d. left-hemisphere areas involved in processing images and pictures.
28. Melanie accidentally calls her new boyfriend by her ex-boyfriend's name. This is an example of ______.
a. retroactive interference
b. proactive interference
c. motivated forgetting
d. cue-dependent forgetting
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29. You have lived in Boston for five years. One day you are trying to remember your old phone number in Buffalo, where you lived for three years, and are surprised that you can't do it. Your forgetting is most likely caused by:
a. repression.
b. proactive interference.
c. a failure of consolidation.
d. retroactive interference.
30. After living in new York for 12 years, Sam goes back to the small town in Virginia where he was raised. He is amazed that, back in these previously familiar surroundings, he can remember many things he thought he had forgotten. Which theory of forgetting is relevant here?
a. motivated forgetting
b. cue-dependent forgetting
c. forgetting due to decay
d. proactive interference
31. According to the neurocultural theory of emotional expression:
a. not everyone in a given culture can recognize the same facial expressions in all situations.
b. different cultures use different facial muscles for the same emotion.
c. disgust and happiness are not true emotions.
d. people are not capable of masking their true emotions through facial expressions.
32. The power of facial expression has received great support by visual "cliff" studies. Very young children will usually not venture across the cliff to their mothers unless the mother's face shows:
a. anger.
b. fear.
c. absolutely no emotion.
d. a happy expression.
33. One group of research participants is asked to arrange their facial muscles in a way that others would perceive as a smile. A second group is given no instructions. Both groups watch a short comedy film. Based on previous research, what would you predict about the outcome of this study?
a. Neither group would rate the comedy as funny because they are in a laboratory.
b. Members of the first group would rate the comedy as funnier.
c. Members of the second group would rate the comedy as funnier.
d. Members of both groups would rate the comedy as equally funny.
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34. People with damage to the right hemisphere may feel ______, whereas people with damage to the left hemisphere often feel ______.
a. manic and euphoric; angry or depressed
b. manic and euphoric; happy and elated
c. sad or irritated; happy and elated
d. surprised; shocked
e. shocked; surprised
35. People with damage to the amygdala often have difficulty:
a. smiling and laughing.
b. understanding the emotional meaning of sentences.
c. recognizing fear in themselves or others.
d. interpreting the significance of physiological arousal.
e. appreciating humor.
36. Which statement most accurately reflects the core concept of Schachter and Singer's 2-factor theory of emotions?
a. Differing patterns of event-related potentials can help researchers distinguish between truth and lies.
b. Both epinephrine and norepinephrine are involved in providing the energy for our emotional experiences.
c. While both hemispheres respond to emotional stimuli, negative emotions result in left hemispheric activation.
d. Both physiological arousal and the cognitive interpretation of that arousal determine our emotional experience.
37. With shame the emphasis is on the ______, and with guilt the emphasis is on the ______.
a. self; self
b. behavior; self
c. self; behavior
d. behavior; behavior
38. Research findings from various studies on emotion indicate that:
a. emotions become less complex with age.
b. thoughts and emotions influence each other.
c. cognitions are always conscious and voluntary when emotions are involved.
d. emotion is always irrational and cognition is always rational.
e. two of the above are true.
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39. Sarah was dating a man who was almost always complaining about how unjust life was and he was usually depressed. After about two months, Sarah started to notice that she too seemed to be depressed. Sarah may be experiencing:
a. cognitive interference.
b. emotional contagion.
c. displacement.
d. cognitive reciprocity.
40. The motive to associate with other people by seeking friendship, companionship, moral support or love is called the need for:
a. attention.
b. affection.
c. affiliation.
d. comfort.
e. positive attachment.
41. Recently Fiona has noticed that her infant becomes extremely distressed every time she leaves the room. Her infant is displaying:
a. anxious attachment.
b. separation anxiety.
c. avoidant attachment.
d. existential anxiety.
e. strange anxiety.
42. Securely attached children react to the Strange Situation by:
a. playing quietly when the mother leaves the room and welcoming her back when she returns.
b. acting equally friendly and comfortable with both the mother and the stranger.
c. ignoring the mother when she returns.
d. crying if the mother leaves the room but welcoming her back when she returns.
43. What is the relationship of daycare to attachment?
a. Daycare does not affect attachment.
b. Daycare is more likely to result in insecure attachment of children with their parents.
c. Daycare is more likely to result in secure attachment of children with their parents.
d. Children in daycare are more likely to form no attachment with their parents than children who stay at home.
44. The three ingredients of the triangle theory of love are:
a. intimacy, passion, and commitment.
b. romance, pragmatism, and desire.
c. friendship, romance, and trust.
d. affection, desire, and sincerity.
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45. The attachment theory of love states that:
a. adults have completely different attachment styles than infants.
b. people acquire their attachment styles in a large part from how their parents cared for them.
c. the avoidant attachment style is the easiest to change.
d. most people have more than one attachment style in the course of their lifetime.
e. all of the above are true.
46. According to the text, the sexiest sex organ is the:
a. brain.
b. breast.
c. penis.
d. vagina.
47. What conclusions can we draw about the determinants of sexual orientation from the evidence presented in your text?
a. Sexual orientation is determined by genetics.
b. Sexual orientation is learned in early childhood.
c. Sexual orientation is primarily determined by biological defects.
d. Sexual orientation is a product of biology, cultural norms and experience.
48. The Thematic Apperception Test gives us information about a person's
a. intelligence.
b. general knowledge.
c. motives.
d. family life.
49. According to research cited in your text, when ______ rises, war is likely and when ______ rises, war is less likely.
a. need for power; need for achievement
b. need for power; need for affiliation
c. need for achievement; need for power
d. need for attention; need for affiliation
50. Research on work motivation suggests that your motivation levels may be increased by:
a. seeking activities that are intrinsically pleasurable.
b. creating strong motivational conflicts.
c. avoiding failure.
d. doing all of the above.
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Extra Credit Questions
51. Erika is a cognitive psychologist who conducts research on gender differences in spatial ability. Erika is firmly committed to the idea that males are superior to females on spatial ability. The mental rotations test is the spatial measure that yields the largest difference favoring males but a number of other measures of spatial ability do not yield differences. When Erika reads the recent research on this topic she tends to pay more attention to studies using the mental rotations test and is highly critical of the studies that used other measures. This would be an example of the:
a. subjectivity problem.
b. confirmation bias.
c. tunnel vision syndrome.
d. double blind approach.
52. According to the text, memory performance:
a. increases if you attend more to the physical characteristics of the stimuli.
b. declines if you encode the information in more than one way.
c. declines if you overlearn the material.
d. increases if you sleep after learning the material.
53. Which of the following is not true about emotions?
a. They bind people together.
b. They regulate relationships.
c. They are more important than cognition in guiding behavior.
d. They motivate people to achieve their goals.
e. They aid in the formation of ethical decisions.
54. Hannah lives at home with her parents. "I love my folks," she says, "But they're driving me crazy with all their rules." Hannah's feelings toward her parents illustrate _____ conflict.
a. Multiple approach
b. approach-approach
c. approach-avoidance
d. multiple approach-avoidance
Page 1
1. a
Topic: The Elements of Cognition
2. b
Topic: The Elements of Cognition
3. d
Topic: The Elements of Cognition
4. b
Topic: How Conscious is Thought
5. b
Topic: Formal Reasoning: Algorithms and Logic
6. d
Topic: Reasoning Rationally
7. b
Topic: Formal Reasoning: Algorithms and Logic
8. b
Topic: Informal Reasoning: Heuristics and Dialectical Thinking
9. b
Topic: Exaggerating the Improbable
10. a
Topic: Avoiding Loss
11. d
Topic: The Hindsight Bias
12. c
Topic: Measuring Intelligence: The Psychometric Approach
13. d
Topic: Expectations, Stereotypes and IQ Scores
14. c
Topic: The Triarchic Theory
15. c
Topic: The Manufacture of Memory
16. b
Topic: The Eyewitness on Trial
17. b
Topic: Models of Memory
18. d
Topic: Sensory Memory: Fleeting Impressions
19. d
Topic: Short-term Memory: Memory's Scratch Pad
20. d
Topic: Working Memory
21. e
Topic: Organization in Long-Term Memory
22. a
Topic: The Contents of Long-Term Memory
23. b
Topic: From Short-Term to Long-Term Memory: A Riddle
24. a
Topic: The Contents of Long-Term Memory
25. c
Topic: Long-term Memory: Final Destination
Page 2
26. b
Topic: Elaborative Rehearsal
27. a
topic: Locating Memories
28. b
Topic: New Memories For Old
29. d
Topic: Interference
30. b
Topic: Cue-dependent Forgetting
31. a
Topic: Universal Expressions of Emotion
32. d
Topic: The Face of Emotion
33. b
Topic: The Face of Emotion
34. a
Topic: The Two Hemispheres
35. c
Topic: Hormones and Emotion
36. d
Topic: How Thoughts Create Emotions
37. c
Topic: The Case of Shame and Guilt
38. b
Topic: Reason and Emotions: Opposites or Allies?
39. b
Topic: Body Language
40. c
Topic: The Social Animal: Motives For Love
41. b
Topic: The Need For Attachment
42. d
Topic: The Need For Attachment
43. a
Topic: The Need for Attachment
44. a
Topic: The Varieties of Love
45. b
Topic: The Attachment Theory of Love
46. a
Topic: The Psychology of Desire
47. d
Topic: The Riddle of Sexual Orientation
48. c
Topic: The Effects of Motivation on Work
49. b
Topic: Needs For Achievement and Power
50. a
Topic: Taking Psychology With You
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51. b
Topic: The Confirmation Bias
52. d
Topic: Taking Psychology With You
53. c
Topic: Reason and Emotion: Opposites or Allies?
54. c
Topic: When Motives Conflict