PSYCHODYNAMIC THEORY
Freud-
Personality Structures
ID - instincts
- completely unconscious
- pleasure principle
EGO - deals with the demands of reality
-
reality principle
-
partly conscious
SUPEREGO - morality
- idealistic principle
Defense Mechanisms
- ego's protective methods
for reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality
Repression - ego pushes unacceptable
impulses out of awareness back into the unconscious mind
Rationalization - ego replaces
a less acceptable motive with a more acceptable one
Displacement - ego shifts
feeling toward on unacceptable object to another more acceptable object
Sublimation - ego replaces
an unacceptable impulse with a socially acceptable one
Projection - ego attributes
personal shortcomings, problems, and faults to others
Reaction Formation - ego transforms
an unacceptable motive into its opposite
Denial - ego refuses to acknowledge
anxiety-producing realities
Regression - ego seeks the
security of an earlier developmental period in the face of stress.
NeoFreudians
- shift focus away from sexuality
- later esperiences also factor
into personality
- more ego driven
- importance of sociocultural
factors
Karen Horney
- discounted Frued's idea
on penis-envy and argued that it is the status that men have and not their
anatomy that some women envy
- if there is this anatomical
envy then it should be seen in both sexes
-
women disply penis envy
-
men covet women's reproductive capabilities
Carl Jung
- felt Freud underplayed the
role of the unconscious
- 2 components of the unconscious
mind
-
the collective unconscious - deepest layer of the unconscious, shared by
all humans because of our common ancestory
- archetypes - emotionally laden ideas and images in the collective unconscious
anima - woman
animus - man
figure inside a circle - self
shadow - evil
-
personal unconscious
Alfred Adler
individual psychology - motivated
by purposes and goals
-
compensation - make up for weaknesses in one area by excelling in another
-
overcompensation - inferiority complex - exaggerated feelings of inadequacy
- superiority complex - exaggerated self-importances to mask feelings of
inferiority
BEHAVIORAL and SOCIAL COGNITIVE THEORIES
B.F. Skinner
- we can not pinpoint personality
... we can only observe the way people behave
- personality equal the associated
behaviors, since behaviors are learned, personality is learned
- consistency in behavior
comes frm consistency in environmental experiences
Albert Bandura
Reciprocal Determinism - behavior,
environment and cognitive factor interact to create personality.
Observational Learning
Delay
of Gratification
Self
Efficacy - belief that one can master a situation and produce positive
outcomes
Locus
of Control
HUMANISTIC THEORIES
Carl Rogers
Humanistic Perspective - stresses
a person's capacity for personal growth
self
concept - sense of self, sense of who we are
real self
ideal self
unconditional
positive regard
Abraham Maslow
Hierarchy of needs
/\ <------------- Self actualization
/ \ <------------Esteem
/ \ <-----------Love and belongingness
/ \ <---------Safety
/_______\ <--------Phsyiological
Self - Esteem - overall evaluation of self-worth
or self image
TRAIT THEORIES
Traits - enduring personality characteristics that tend to lead to certain behaviors
Gordon Allport
Cardeinal Traits - most powerful
and pervasive traits
Central traits - limited in
number (6-12) can adequately describe the person
Secondary traits - limited
in frequency and less important for understanding the person
Hans Eysenck
Introversion-Extroversion
Stable-Unstable
Psychoticism
The BIG FIVE
O- openness
C- conscientiousness
E- extroversion
A- agreeableness
N- neuroticism
PERSONALITY ASSESSMENT
Projective Tests
Rorschach
Inkblot Test
Thematic
Apperception Test (TAT)
Self Report Inventories
Minnesota
Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
Behavioral Cognitive Assessments