DSM-IV-R = Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, 4th Edition-Revised
    Axis I - All disagnostic categories except personality disorders and mental retardation
    Axis II - Personality disorders and mental retardation
    Axis III - General medical conditions
    Axis IV - Psychosocial and environmental problems
    Axis V - Current level of functioning


Approaches to Psychological Disorders
Medical Model
    Structural view - abnormalities in the structures of the brain
    Biochemical views - imbalances in neutotransmitters or hormones
    Genetic views - disordered genes
Psychological Approach
    Psychodynamic - unconscious conflicts that produce anxiety and result in maladaptive behavior
    Behavior and Social Cognitive - reward and punishment
    Humanistic - inability to fulfull one's potential
Sociocultural Appraoch
    focuses on the environmental experiences

Labeling and Labeling effect

Anxiety Disorders - motor tension, hyperactivity, and apprehensive expectations and thoughts
   
    Generalized Anxiety disorder - lasts over 1 month, no specific reason for the anxiety
   
    Panic disorder - sudden onset, recurrent, and intense
        Agoraphobia - fear of public places and being able to escape
   
    Phobic Disorders
        Acrophobia - high places
        Aerophobia - flying
        Algophobia - pain
        Anachnophobia - spiders
        Astrapophobia - lightning
        Hydrophobia - water
        Nyctophobia - night
        Thanatophobia - death
        Social phobia - humiliation or embarrassment in social situations

    Obsessive-Compulsive disorder (OCD)
        Obsession - thoughts
                        - anxiety producing thoughts that you can not get rid of
        Complusion - behavior
                        - ritualistic or repetitive behavior to prevent or produce some future situation
    Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
        Can include:
            - Flashbacks
            - Constricted emotions (numb)
            - Excessive arousal - startle response, inability to sleep
            - Memory and concentration difficulties
            - Apprehension
            - Impulsive outbursts
        behaviors are initially common among all but with PTSD length and severity are longer and more intense
        symptoms are often recurrent (may surround aniversary reactions)
        initially identified with military personnel returnign from war
        now seen with abuse, natural disasters, unnatural disasters and other traumatic events


Dissociative disorders - sudden loss of memory or change in identity
    Dissociative amnesia - memory loss is the result of severe psychological stress
    Dissociative fugue - develops amnesia, travels to a new area, starts a new life and new identity
    Dissociative Identity Disorder - MPD
            - physical and/or sexual abuse is seen in largest % of individuals with this disorder
            - over/under diagnosis
            - name change


Mood Disorders
    Depressive Disorders
        Major Depression
            at least 5 present for more than 2 weeks
                - depressed mood most of the day
                - reduced niterest/pleasure in most activities
                - significant change in weight and/or diet
                - signficant change in sleep pattern
                - psychomotor agitation or retardation
                - fatigue or energy loss
                - feelings worthless or guilty in an excessive or inappropriate manner
                - problems with thinking, concentrating or decision making
                - recurrent thoughts of death and suicide
        Dysthymic Disorder
            depressed mood for 2 years (adult)
            and 2 of the 6 symptoms
                - problem with appetite
                - sleep problems
                - low energy/fatigue
                - low self-esteem
                - poor concentration/decision making
                - feelings of hopelessness           
        Bipolar Disorder
            - Manic Depressive
            - cycle
    Causes of Mood disorders
        Biological factors
            - Heredity
            - Neurobiological Abnormalities
            - Neurotransmitter Deregulation
            - Hormones
        Psychological Factors
            - Psychodynamic - childhood experiences
            - Behavioral
                    - learned helplessness
            - Cognitive
                - focus on negative thougths
                - catastrophic thinking
        Sociocultural Factors
            - Interpersonal Relationships
            - Cultural Variations
            - Gender

Suicide
    Females more likely than males to attempt suicide
    Males more likely than females to commit suicide
    Males use more lethal methods of suicide (guns, hanging)
    Women use methods that take longer for death to occur (cut wrists, sleeping pills)

Schizophrenia
    - disordered thought process
    - split mind
    - split within a single personality - thought, behavior, and emotion do not fit together
    Delusions - false beliefs
    Hallucinations - hearing voices, or seeing things
    Word Salad
Types of Scizophrenia
    - Disorganized
    - Catatonic   
    - Paranoid
    - Undifferentiated
    - Residual
Causes of Schizophrenia
    Biological
        - heredity
        - Structural Brain abnormalities
        - Neurotransmitter Deregulation
    Psychological factors
        - diathesis-stress model
   

Personality Disorders
Odd/eccentric
    Paranoid- lack trust in others, suspicious, sees self as morally correct yet vulnerable
    Schizoid- cold personality, difficulty developing relationships, withdrawn, difficulty with anger
    Schizotypal- eccentric beliefs, overt suspicion, overt hostility
dramatic/emotional
    Histionic - seeking attention, overreact, dramatic
    Narcissistic - unrealistic sense of self importance, difficulty with criticiam, lack empathy
    Borderline- emotionally unstable, impulsive, irritable, anxious, prone to boredom
    Antisocial - guiltless, law-breaking, exploitive, self-indulgent, irresponsive, intrusive
Chronic-fearfulness/avoidant
    Avoidant - shy and withdrawn yet desire interpersonal relationsips
    Dependent - lack self confidence and do not espress own personality
    Passive-aggressive - pout and procresstinate, stubborn try to frustrate others
    Obsessive-complusive - obsessed with rules, emotinally insensitive, efficiency