Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon -
- constructed a test to identify children who could benefit from
remedial instruction
- tests were age grades - what group of questions were answered
correctly at what ages
- then compare the questions answered correctly by a given
person ....
 If all at one age level (5) but few or none at the next age
level (6) then mental age is 5
 If all at one age level (5) and about ½ at the next age level
(6) then mental age is 5½
- test yields a single score which is mental age (MA)

Louis Terman from Stanford University revised and published
Stanford Binet -
test normed
IQ = MA/CA x 100
 
 

Factor Analysis
- cluster of tasks that account for the same variability are called
factors

Charles Spearman
g = general intelligence - intelligence common in all areas
s = specific intelligence - intelligence specific to a given area of
expertise

Louis Thurstone
7 factors - spatial ability
  perceptual speed
  numerical reasoning
  verbal meaning
  word fluency
  memory
  inductive reasoning
7 factors are known as primary mental abilities

J. P. Guilford
 - content (5) - what a person thinks about
 - operations (6) - what kind of thinking a person is asked to
     perform
 - products (6) - what kind of answer is required
Therefore there are 180 primary mental abilities - known as the
Structure of Intellect Model
As of now, over 100 test constructed to test this model tests are
highly correlated
 

Raymond Cattell and John Horn
Fluid Intelligence - ability to perceive relationships and solve
novel and abstract problems that are not taught and are relatively
free from cultural influences (number series, verbal analogies)
Crystalized Intelligence - ability to solve problems that depend
on knowledge acquires as a result of schooling and other life
experiences (general abilities, word comprehension)

Current Psychometric view
hierarchical models of intellect
 John Carroll-
 - three stratum theory of intelligence
 1) a general ability
 2) broad intellectual abilities
 3) specific abilities

Information Processing Viewpoint
- criticism of definition of intelligence
 - does not examine the process by which knowledge is
acquired, restrained, and used to solve problems
 - focuses on math, verbal abilities, ... so on but ignores
other attributes such as common sense, social, interpersonal, and
other talents

Sternberg Triarchic Theory of Intelligence
1) Context - successful adaption to environments
 - practical intelligence or street smarts
     2) Experiential - automatization - increase efficiency of
   information processing with practice
  - response to novelty
  - cultural bias
3) Information Processing Component - knowledge, strategies,
   meta components
  - how a person produces a given response

Howard Gardner Theory of Multiple Intelligence
at least 7 types of intelligence
each ability is
 - distinct
 - associated with a particular brain area
 - not all measured by traditional IQ tests
Types of Intelligence
 - linguistic
 - spatial
 - logical/mathematical
 - musical
 - body kinesthetic
 - interpersonal
 - intrapersonalMeasuring IQ
Stanford Binet
 IQ = MA/CA x 100
 MA = mental age
 CA = chronological age
normally distributed
mean 100
standard deviation 15

Weschsler
 - WPPSI - preschool and primary scale (3-8)
 - WISC - intelligence scale for children (6-16)
 - WAIS - adult intelligence scale (14 and older)
3 measures - verbal, performance, and full scale