Emotions 1) subjective reactions to something iwthin the environment
                2) experienced cognitively
                3) accompanied by physical changes
                4) behavioral expression

Izard - videotaped situations in which infants were expressing different emotions and had people identify the emotion the child was expressing without knowing the situation
raters better at identifying positive emotions than negative emotions

Basic emotions - are emotions that develop very early on
At birth - interest
                disgust
                distress
                contentment
 by 7 months- anger
                sadness
                joy
                surprise
                fear
 
Emotional Recognition
Emotional Regulation
Emotional Display Rules
Emotional Script

Smiling
    Reflexive(endogenous) smile- newborns
        - adaptive - encourages positive interaction with caregivers
    Social smile (1-2 month)
    Discriminant smile (3 months)
    laughter (4 months)

Complex Emotions - self conscious emotions
(require self awareness & possibly understanding rules/standards)
    embarrassment
    shame
    guilt
    envy
    pride
 

Attachment
close emotional bond between 2 people

Ethological/Evolutionary
    Conrad Lorenz -
        Imprinting
            - automatic
                duck will follow the first thing that they see moving generally mother and this allows them a better chanceat survival
            - critical period
                 occurs shortly after birth
            - irreversible
                once following behavior is initiated, duckling remains attached to that thing
 
    Bowlby -
        - reciprocal relationship between mom and infant that is biologically preprogrammed
        - infants provide signals (crying, sucking, smiling, clinging)
                - signals are reflexive and foster interaction with caregiver
        - parents biologically preprogrammed to respond to these signals.

Psychoanalytic
    - attachment to primary caregiver is associated with the gratification that the infant gets from sucking (oral stge)
    - since mom provides the food, attachment is to mom

Learning
    Harry Harlow
    Reinforcement
        Do infants become attached to mom because she provide them with food or because she provides them with comfort?

Study
Baby monkeys separated from mom since first day of life
2 surrogate "mom" monkeys - 1 wire and 1 cloth
monkeys preferred the cloth mom over the wire mom even when the wire mom was the one that they receive food from
when afraid, went to cloth mom
 

Cognitive Development
    - attachment requires child's ability to discriminate familiar and unfamiliar objects recognize that familiar companions have permanence

Stranger Anxiety
- fear of new/unfamiliar people
- peaks around 8-10 months

Separation Anxiety
- distress displayed when separated from familiar person
- appears around 6-8 months
- peaks around 14-18 months
 
 

Phases of Attachment
1) Preattachment                     0-2 months                    indiscriminant social responsiveness
2) Attachmetn in the making    2-7months                     recognition of familiar people
3) Attachment                         7-24 month                   stranger and separation anxiety along with intentional interactions
4) Goal Oriented                     24 months +                  reciprocal nature - children understand parent's needs
 

Measuring Attachment

Strange Situation
8 episodes - approximately 3 minutes each
Child remains in room from the beginning to the end, different people enter and leave the room child's reactions are monitored and coded used with children around 1 year of age

1 Mom - Experimenter
2 Mom
3 Mom - Stranger
4 Stranger
5 Mom
6 child alone
7 Stranger
8 Mom and Stranger
 

Secure - 65%
- actively explores when alone with mom
- distress over separation
- mom can calm infant
- if mom's reaction to stranger is positive, infant will react positively to stranger

Insecure Resistant - 10-15%
- remain close to mom even when alone with her
- become very distressed over separation from her
- when she returns, will seek physical closeness but are not easily calmed
- strong stranger anxiety even with mom present

Insecure Avoidant - 20%
- little distress when mom leave
- little interest in mom upon her return
- interactions w/ strangers vary maybe sociable or avoidant

Insecure Disorganized/Disoriented - 5-10%
- confusion on whether to approach or avoid mom
- little exploration
 

Attachment Q-Set
90 card
separate into piles ranging from most descriptive of child's behavior to least descriptive
Use natural environment
 

Caregive Hypothesis
    - sensitivity
    - positive attitude
    - synchrony
    - mutuality
    - support
    - stimulation

Infant
    - Temperament

Attachment and Later Development
    - social skills/peer relationships
    - play
    - attachment to romantic partners

    - Internal working models
        - cognitive representation of self and others
            - model of others
                - based on characteristics of caregiver
            - model of self
                - based on ability to elicit positive characteristics

Unattached infants
    - appear normal first 3-6 month
    - then ccrying, cooing, babbling diminishes
    - rigidity
    - appear depressed or uninterested in human contact

    - school age
        - socially immature
        - poor language skills
        - behavior problems
        - reactive attachment disorder

Maternal Deprivation Hypothesis
    - lacked the warm, loving attention of a single mother figure
Social Sitmulation Hypothesis
    - lacked of contact with responsive companions who will provide sustained interactions
Learned Helplessness
 

DayCare
    - Quality of Daycare
        - physical setting
        - child:caregiver ratio
        - caregiver qualification
        - family link
        - licensing

    - Parental Attitudes about work

Separation and Stranger Anxiety and timing of placement in Day Care