2) Describe and define internal working models of attachment.

a mental representation of the self (infant), care figures, and of the relationship. Possibly applied when developing new relationships.

3) Kohlberg's first level of development is called:
a. the conditional level
b. the amoral level
c. the infancy level
d. the cognitive level
e. the preconventional level*

4) Describe the characteristic differences between the patterns of behaviors for children classified as insecure-avoidant versus those classified as insecure-resistant in the strange situation experiment?

Insecure / resistant – infant stays close to the mother, does not explore, gets very upset when mother leaves and then RESISTS efforts to comfort.
Insecure / avoidant – infant avoids the mother in the strange situation. Fails to greet the mother upon return.

5) According to Kohlberg:
a. nobody can attain the highest level of moral reasoning
b. a small proportion of individuals will ever attain the highest level of moral reasoning*
c. most individuals will eventually attain the highest level of moral reasoning
d. all individuals will eventually attain the highest level of moral reasoning
e. moral reasoning is continuous and situational

6) Which is the correct order of milestones for the development of self
a. separation distress, recognize self in mirror or photograph, focus on concrete descriptions of behaviors, integrated-self descriptions, more abstract self-descriptions*
b. recognize self in mirror or photograph, focus on concrete descriptions of behaviors, integrated-self descriptions, more abstract self-descriptions, separation distress
c. separation distress, recognize self in mirror or photograph, more abstract self-descriptions, focus on concrete descriptions of behaviors, integrated-self descriptions
d. recognize self in mirror or photograph, focus on concrete descriptions of behaviors, separation distress, integrated-self descriptions, more abstract self-descriptions
e. focus on concrete descriptions of behaviors, separation distress, integrated-self descriptions, more abstract self-descriptions, recognize self in mirror or photograph

7) The authoritarian parenting style is best described as:
a. valuing control and unquestioning obedience*
b. valuing self-expression and self-regulation offering little demands and guidance
c. valuing a child’s individuality but also stressing social constraints
d. valuing authority in society such as the police and government institutions
e. quite similar to the teaching styles of Tim and Andrew

8) Describe one critique of the theory of parenting styles?

There are several critiques here are a few :

Individual Differences: styles may change depending on situations and events.
Child-directed: childs predisposition (e.g., temperament) may cause parents to react and adopt a particular style.

Hypothesis that parenting styles have minimal long-term influence or effects. For example heredity predicts more variance in adult personality (e.g., group socialization theory).

9) Describe the difference between a moral decision, a social decision and a personal decision.

A personal decision is one that is purely a matter of opinion, taste, or preference. A social decision is one that involves rules of social convention or procedure. A moral decision involves matters of ethics (right/wrong).

10) Describe two positive effects of peers on child development.

There are very many, but here are a few:

Peers support the development of Social skills: via social relationships, sense of identity, leadership, communication skills, cooperation, roles, and rules
Peers help one develop a better sense of self-efficacy; sense of capability to master challenges and achieve goals (via social comparison).
Peers support the development cognitive skills: via practice communicating, reasoning, explaining, problem solving in groups.