DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICAL THERAPY

COLLEGE OF APPLIED HEALTH SCIENCES

UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT CHICAGO

COURSE FILE: Fall, 2001
Table of Contents

 

Course Description
Faculty
Teaching Methods and Suggestions for Studying
Bibliography
Course Objectives
Course Schedule
Grading Criteria
Course Grades

Course Description:

This course presents the study of cells and tissues at the microscopic level. The basic components of cells (e.g., organelles) will be discussed in terms of their structure and function.  Methods used to study cells and tissues will be examined. Basic concepts in embryology will be explored. Cells and tissues of greatest importance to physical therapists will be studied in detail (e.g., epithelium, connective tissue, skeletal muscle, neurons, and neuroglia).  A survey of other cells and tissues will also be made (e.g., cells of the integument, respiratory system, circulatory system). The student will also explore the response of cells and tissue to injury through guided learning experiences.  Students will be assigned appropriate professional reading and will be asked to discuss the material.

 

Faculty: 

Course Coordinator

Demetra John, MS, PT
Phone: 312/996-1505
E-mail: Demetra@uic.edu

Course faculty

Mary Lou Bareither, PhD
Phone: 312/996-5559
E-mail: mbareith@uic.edu

Martha C. Gram, MS, PT

T. George Hornby, PT, PhD
Phone: 773/935-8164
E-mail: g-hornby@northwestern.edu

Timothy Koh, PhD
Phone: 312/996-1617
E-mail: tjkoh@uic.edu

Kirsten Moisio, MS, PT
E-mail: KMoisio@rushu.rush.edu

Cynthia Sternisha, PT
Phone: 312/996-3700

Don Straube, MS, PT
E-mail: dstraube@uic.edu

 

Teaching Methods and Suggestions for studying:

Teaching methods: Teaching methods include lectures/discussion, case studies and CD ROM visual aids. Attendance is expected at all classes.  Please contact the course coordinator if you know that you will miss class.    Active participation in lectures and discussions is expected.  All assigned readings are to be completed before class.  Failure to attend regularly scheduled exams may result in failure of the course.

Suggestions for studying: Students should prepare for each class by reading assigned materials prior to class. After completing background readings, group studying is encouraged, with focus on accomplishing each objective. As examination questions will be taken from both the lecture materials and the course objectives, students are encouraged to prepare for examinations using the objectives as their study guide.

 

Bibliography

Required texts:

Kerr, J.B. 1999. Atlas of Functional Histology. Mosby.

Nordin and Frankel. 2001. Basic Biomechainics of the Musculoskeletal System, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins

Additional references:

Sadler, T.W. 2000. Langman’s Medical Embryology. Williams & Wilkins. 8th Edition.

Lieber, RL. 1992. Skeletal Muscle Structure and Function, Williams and Wilkins

Course Objectives: 

The course goal is to provide the physical therapy student with an understanding of histology that will enable him/her to critically evaluate normal and pathologic conditions at the cellular level.

Orientation/Histological Techniques

The student will:
1.        Describe course content, teaching methods and expectations.
2.        Explain principles of histological preparation.
3.        Describe how the following microscopes work and their uses:

a) bright field            
b) fluorescence       
c) phase contrast
d) scanning electron (SEM)
e) transmission electron (TEM)

4.        Briefly describe the following techniques and their uses:

a)       autoradiography
b)       immunocytochemistry 
c)       enzyme histochemistry
d)       PAS staining
e)       Feulgen reaction

5.       Contrast electron and light microscopy

Cell Biology

The student will:
1.        Explain cell organization
2.        Explain the roles of the following structures within cells:

a)       amino acids
b)       lipids
c)       carbohydrates
d)       proteins
e)       glycolipids

3.        Describe the structure of a typical cell in terms of compartmentalization and the systems supplying structural support and contractility.
4.        Describe how cells move, including the process of ameboid movement.
5.        Contrast the structure, location within the cell, and function of the following organelles:

a)       centrioles
b)       peroxisomes
c)       centrosomes
d)       ribosomes
e)       filaments
f)        rough endoplasmic reticulum (rER)
g)       inclusions
h)       lysosomes
i)         smooth endoplasmic reticulum (Ser)
j)         microtubules
k)       mitochondria
l)         Golgi apparatus

6.        Explain cell membrane structure and function.
7.        Describe the “fluid-mosaic model” of the cell membrane.
8.        Describe nuclear components and explain their morphology, and function
9.        Describe the structure (including the significance of specialized shapes) and function of a typical nucleus.
10.     Describe protein synthesis and the cellular organelles involved.
11.     Explain cytoplasmic components, morphology and function
12.     Describe the difference between an organelle and an inclusion body.
13.     Describe the difference between a primary and secondary lysosome.
14.     Explain cell proliferation and the cell cycle in normal tissues.
15.     Define and give examples of:

a)       static cell populations
b)       renewing cell populations
c)       stable cell populations

16.     Define how the following terms are used to characterize the chromosomes of a cell:

a)       autosome
b)       haploid
c)       Barr body
d)       sex-linked chromosome
e)       diploid

17.     Explain the difference between meiosis and mitosis.
18.     Explain the mitotic phases.
19.     Explain cellular death (apotosis).

“Laboratory” objectives
1.        Identify light micrographs and electron micrographs.
2.        Identify cellular components.
3.        Recognize mitosis and identify its stages.
4.        Identify apotosis (cellular death) in normal tissue.
5.        Define:          

a) acidophilic (eosinophilic) heterochromatin
b) anabolism                            
c) hydrophilic                          
d) artifacts
e) hydrophobic                       
f) autolysis                             
g) in vivo
h) basophilic          
i) in vitro                           
j) infiltration
k) catabolism                      
l) karyolysis            
m) cell doctrine
n) karyoplasms (nucleoplasm)                     
o) chromatin
p) cytoplasm (cytosol)       
q) necrosis                   
r) enzyme
s) embedding          
t) phagocytosis            
u) exocytosis
v) endocytosis       
x) pinocytosis                    
y) fixation 
z) pyknosis             
aa) euchromatin            
bb) residual body    
cc) resolution         
dd) resolving power         
ee) growth factors 

Embryology

The student will:
1.        Briefly discuss the process of gametogenesis.
2.        Discuss and be able to differentiate the processes of meiosis and mitosis.
3.        Describe the abnormal karyotypes associated with:
                 a) Downs syndrome                                              b) Kleinfelter’s syndrome                                              c)Turner’s syndrome
4.        Describe the formation of the bilaminar germ disc.
5.        Describe the formation of the trilaminar germ disc.
6.        Discuss the various derivations of the three germ layers that occur during the embryonic period.
7.        Describe the development of somites.
8.        Describe the segmentation of the paraxial mesoderm and correlate the body segments formed by this process with various regions of the body.
9.        Describe limb development
10.     Discuss the development of the neural tube.
11.     Describe various structures derived from the neural crest cells.
12.     Describe neural tube defects and how they occur.
13.     Describe briefly the development events associated with each organ system.

“Laboratory” objectives
1.        Review cellular structure and cellular division
2.        Identify embryologic stages.
3.        Define:

a)  fertilization     
b)  oocyte   
c) spermatozoa               
d) gamete
e) zygote                
f) blastula               
g) morula               
h) cleavage
i) ectoderm               
j) endoderm               
k) mesoderm               
l) neural crest
m) somite   
n) myotome               
o) dermatome               
p) sclerotome
q) invagination               
r) evagination               
s) limb bud        
t) preaxial and postaxial muscle masses

4.        Identify unique features of each embryologic stage.
5.        Identify major developmental events in each organ system.

Epithelium

The student will:
1.        Explain the classification of epithelia
2.        Describe the structure, specialized function, and some typical locations for the following types of epithelia:

a) glandular
b) stratified columnar
c) pseudostratified stratified columnar
d) simple squamous               
e) stratified squamous               
f) simple columnar
g) transitional                          
h) simple cuboidal

3.        Discuss embryologic origins and diversity of epithelia.
4.        Discuss cellular adhesions and communication.
5.        Define and briefly describe:

a) desmosome                          
b) macula adherens                
c) gap junction
d) terminal bar                 
e) hemidesmosome                   
f) zonula adherens
g) junctional complex 
h) zonula occludens

6.        Explain cellular polarity.
7.        Briefly describe (anatomically and functionally) the following modifications found on the free surfaces of epithelia:

a) cilia                b) stereocilia                c) microvilli

8.        Briefly describe (anatomically and functionally) the typical modifications found on the basilar surfaces of epithelia.
9.        Briefly describe how epithelial cells obtain their metabolites (i.e., through diffusion from connective tissue layers).
10.     Discuss glands and secretion.
11.     Briefly describe the basis for the classification system used to characterize glands.
12.     Briefly describe the essential differences between exocrine and endocrine glands (including examples of each)
13.     Briefly describe proliferative activities and variations of epithelia.
14.     Briefly describe abnormal conditions and pathologic features of epithelia.

“Laboratory” objectives:
1.        Identify epithelial tissue.
2.        Describe the following terms:

a) basal lamina
b) epithelium
c) basement membrane
d) mesothelium
e) endothelium
f) proteoglycan
g) epidermis
h) reticular lamina

3.        Describe the classification system (the basis for the system as well as the classifications derived) used for epithelium.
4.        Identify and classify glandular tissue, and mechanisms of secretion.
5.        Contrast exocrine and endocrine glands.

Integument (skin)

The student will:
1.        Describe the four major functions of the skin.
2.        Describe the two main parts of the skin (epidermis and dermis) and the region known as the “hypodermis.”
3.        Describe the components of epidermis.
4.        Contrast thin and thick skin and give examples of where each is found.
5.        Describe the strata of the epidermis (basale [terminative], spinout, granulose, lucid, and cornea).
6.        Describe the structure, function and location (strata) of the cells of the epidermis (keratinocytes, melanocytes, Langerhans cells, Merkel cells).
7.        Briefly describe the process of keratinization.
8.        Describe the nerve supply of the skin and the associated sensory receptors (Pacinian corpuscles, Meissner’s corpuscles, Ruffini endings, free nerve endings, Merkel endings, Krause end bulbs).
9.        Describe the formation of the epidermis.
10.     Describe dermal layers.
11.     Describe the fine structure of the dermis, including the cells and layers (papillary and reticular).
12.     Describe skin appendages.
13.     Briefly describe the function of the arrector pili muscle.
14.     Briefly describe the structure of the hair follicle
15.     Describe glands.
16.     Briefly describe the structure and function (including the innervations) of the following types of glands found in skin:

a) merocrine                b) aprocrine sweat glands                c) sebaceous glands

17.     Describe the functions of myoepithelial cells, clear cells and dark cells in sweat glands.
18.     Explain skin circulation (the vascular supply to the skin).
19.     Recognize and describe disorders of pigmentation.

 “Laboratory” objectives
1. Define and identify:

a) cytocrine secretion                             
b) Langer’s line                         
c) melanosomes
d) dermal chromatophores                
e) rete ridges                    
f) tonofibrils
g) dermal papillae                 
h) melanosomes                      
i) lamellar bodies
i) hard/soft keratin                 
j) keratohyalin granules               
k) sebum 

Connective Tissue

The student will:
1.        Define the cells and ground substance of connective tissue.
2.        Describe the basis for the classification of connective tissue.
3.        Describe the matrix of supporting tissue (fibers and extracellular matrix).
4.        Describe the significance of the extracellular matrix in the classification of connective tissue.
5.        Define:        

a) glycosaminoglycan (GAG)               b) proteolycan (PG)        c) ground substance

6.        Explain the basement membrane structure and its properties.
7.        Classify supporting tissues.
8.        Describe the structure, anatomical location and function of loose connective tissue.
9.        Describe the structure and function of the following cells that are found in association with connective tissue:

a) adipocytes                                                b) fibroblasts                c) fixed macrophages
d) foreign body giant cells                                e) mast cells                f) myofibroblast
g) plasma cells                                        h) wandering macrophages

10.     Describe the role of fibroblasts and other cells in the formation of fibers.
11.     Describe the types of fibers (white or collagenous, elastic and reticular) found in connective tissue in terms of their properties (e.g., their mechanical properties) and the stains used to identify them.
12.     Describe where collagen types I through IV are found in tissue.
13.     Briefly describe the macrophage and mononuclear phagocytic system and the cells of that system (including the location of these cells).
14.     Describe two distinct ways in which loose connective tissue serves as a barrier to infection.
15.     Describe the structure, anatomical location, and function of dense connective tissue.
16.     Describe how dense connective tissue varies in different tissues to allow for functional specialization (e.g., how tendons are different from ligaments).
17.     Briefly describe the structure, anatomical location, and function of reticular connective tissue.
18.     Briefly describe the structure, anatomical location, and function of adipose (fat) tissue.
19.     Briefly describe the functional differences between brown and white fat.
20.     Describe how the blood supply of connective tissue varies depending on the function of the tissue (i.e., what structure it is in).
21.     Describe disorders of connective tissue.
22.     Explain cartilage types
23.     Discuss the mechanical properties of hyaline cartilage.
24.     Describe the structure, function and anatomical location of:

a) hyaline cartilage     b) elastic cartilage     c) fibro-cartilage

24.     Describe the mechanisms by which cartilage receives its metabolites and how defects (and failures) in these mechanisms are associated with some diseases.
25.     Name the components of the intercellular matrix of cartilage (i.e., chondroitin 4-sulfate, chondroitin 6-sulfate, hyaluronic acid and, keratan sulfate).
26.     Explain how cartilage grows (both by appositional and expansional mechanisms).
27.     Explain the relationship of the chondrocyte to the lacuna.
28.     Explain the locations and function of the perichondrium.
29.     Explain the relative contribution of hyaline cartilage to shock absorption during functional activities.

Bone Tissue

The student will:
1.        Describe the structure of the following cells and discuss the role they play (and how they interact) during bone growth and remodeling:

a) osteoblasts          b) osteoclasts
c) osteocytes           d) osteogenic cells (osteoprogenitor cells)

2.        Briefly discuss:

a) the processes and stimuli that cause osteoprogenitor cells to form osteoblasts
b) the role of Sharpey’s fibers
c) woven (non-lamellar) bone

3.        Describe:

a) Howship’s lacunae
b) The role of the osteoclast in calcium homeostasis
c) The effect of PTH (parathyroid) on osteoclastic activity.

4.        Contrast the processes of intramembranous and intracartilaginous (endochondral) bone formation.
5.        Explain the relationship between the periosteal (vascular) bud and osteogenic activity in the marrow cavity.
6.        Contrast the following zones involved in intracartilaginous (endochondral) bone formation:

a) primary ossification center
b) zone of reserve cartilage
c) zone of cell proliferation (multiplication)
d) zone of cell maturation and hypertrophy
e) zone of cartilage calcification
d) zone of cartilage removal and bone deposition (zone of provisional ossification).

7.        Define diaphysis, epiphysis and metaphysis.
8.        Explain the relationship of the osteocyte to the lacuna and to the canaliculi.
9.        Explain the difference between spongy (cancellous) and dense (compact) bone.
10.     Describe the organic and inorganic portions of the intracellular matrix of bone
11.     Describe and draw the fine (microscopic) structure of bone with special emphasis on:

a) the lamellar organization
b) the central (Haversian) canals
c) the perforating (Volkmann’s, nutrient) canals

12.     Describe the types and locations of marrow in young (including fetal) bones and adult bones.
13.     Briefly explain the blood and lymphatic supply of bone.
14.     Briefly describe the innervation of bone including the significant differences between the osseous and periosteal portions.
15.     Define and differentiate synarthroses and diarthroses.
16.     Describe the typical components of a diarthrodial joint.
17.     Contrast the tensile and compressive forces that contribute to bone fractures.
18.     List and describe (in detail) the stages of repair after fracture (impact, induction, inflammation, soft callus, hard callus, remodeling) and describe the temporal sequence of these stages.
19.     Discuss the significance of torn Haversian blood vessels in fractures.
20.     Describe the two pathways for osteoblast origination during the induction state of fracture healing.
21.     Discuss the stimuli that have been hypothesized as causing the development of osteoblasts during the induction stage of fracture healing.
22.     Describe the roles of the cells involved in the inflammatory state of bone repair and their specific roles.
23.     Discuss the clinical features associated with the end of the inflammatory state associated with fracture healing.
24.     Describe the internal callus and the external callus formed during fracture healing including how they are formed.

“Laboratory” objectives
1.        Identify types of cartilage and the locations where each is found.
2.        Compare and contrast cells of bone.
3.        Identify the macrostructure of bones.
4.        Recognize ossification sites.
5.        Identify growth zones of endochondral ossification.
6.        Recognize and describe joint structure.
7.        Begin bone repair.

Muscle (skeletal)

The student will:
1.        Describe the fine structure of a skeletal muscle cell (fiber).
2.        Describe the process of excitation-contraction coupling (including what is occurring with each of the regulatory and contractile proteins).
3.        Briefly describe the fine structure of mitochondria and the compartments where various metabolic processes take place.
4.        Draw a sarcomere and a schematic of diagram of the following:

a) myosin molecule       b) troponin-tropomyosin complex

5.        Describe the morphological, histochemical, and physiological differences between type I and type II muscle fibers.
6.        Discuss the functional (i.e., physiological) significance of the following as they relate to muscle function or motor unit recruitment:

a) axon and neuron cell         b) innervation ratio     
c) capillary density                d) richness of mitochondria

Muscle (smooth)

The student will:
1.        Describe the morphological differences between smooth muscle (non-striated) and skeletal muscle.
2.        Briefly describe the structure, anatomical location and function of smooth muscle.
3.        Contrast the contraction characteristics of skeletal and smooth muscle.
4.        Describe locations and functions of myoepithelial cells.

Muscle (cardiac)

The student will:
1.        Describe the structural and functional characteristics of cardiac muscle as compared to skeletal and visceral muscle.
2.        Describe the intercalated disc and its three types of membrane-to-membrane contacts.
3.        Compare and contrast mitochondria morphology and function in muscle tissues.
4.        Describe the three types of myopathies and how they are manifested in different types of muscles.

“Laboratory” experience
1.        Identify muscle types
2.        Identify fascicles, fibers and myofibrils.
3.        Differentiate Z lines, A bands, and I bands.
4.        Recognize myotendinous junctions and identify the components.
5.        Recognize fast-twitch, slow-twitch muscle, and intermediate muscle fibers.

Nervous System

The student will:

1.        Briefly describe the components of a typical neuron (membranes, organelles, inclusions and processes) and those of a typical synapse
2.        Define the unit membrane that encloses a typical neuron, including the special properties of neuronal membranes that are responsible for excitability.
3.        Briefly describe the axon hillock and discuss its role in the propagation of an action potential.
4.        Describe what is meant by the term “electrically excitable cells” and apply the term to the two major examples.
5.        Describe the system of classifying neurons based on their shape (e.g., unipolar, multipolar).
6.        Identify (from drawings or photographs):

a) bipolar neurons                b) pseudo-unipolar
c) multipolar                          d) post synaptic membranes

7.        Describe the types of channels (both in terms of the gating and ions allowed to pass) found in:

a) axons                             b) dendrites
c) cell bodies                    d) post synaptic membranes

8.        Name four activities that take place in synaptic terminals of axons that require large numbers of mitochondria.
9.        Describe the three types of axonal transport that have been identified and the role of filaments in these processes.
10.     Briefly explain the organization of the nervous system into three major components (CNS, PNS, and ANS).
11.     Explain the function of glial cells (and name the different types) in:

a) the blood-brain barrier
b) the development of the nervous-brain barrier
c) structural support of neurons and neural tissue
d) fluid balance

12.     Contrast the process of myelination in the CNS and PNS.
13.     Briefly describe the fine structure of a peripheral nerve, including the:

a) endoneurium                        b) perineurium                           c) epineurium

14.     Briefly describe the characteristics of the following stains or techniques (as applied to neural tissue):

a) Heavy Metal                       
b) Immunohistochemical                      
c) Golgi
d) Nissl (cresyl violet, toluidine, thiodine)               
e) Weigert                
f) H & E (hematoxylin and eosin)

15.     Describe the system of classifying neurons based partially on shape and describe the differences between Golgi Type I cells and Golgi Type II cells.
16.     Describe the general function and structure of the following glial cells:

a) astrocytes                                b) oligodendroglia
c) peripheral glial cells                d) ependymal cells                e) microglia                                  

“Laboratory” experience
1.        Define:  

a)  action potential       
b)  axolemma                      
c)  axoplasm
d)  boutons terminaux                
e)  boutons en passage                                
f)  conduction          
g)  ephapse                                
h)  gap (communicating) junction               
i)  initial segment
j) karyoplasms                        
k)  neurotransmitter                 
l)  Nissl substance
m) node of Ranvier               
n)  perikaryon                                          
o)  Schmidt-Lanterman clefts
p)  synapse                
q)  synaptic transmission                       
r)  synaptic cleft
s) synaptic vesicle                      
t)  telodendria

2.        Identify neuronal elements.
3.        Identify central and peripheral nervous tissues.
4.        Identify Schwann cells and Nodes of Ranvier.

Blood

The student will:
1.        Briefly describe the function of blood.
2.        Describe the formed elements of blood.
3.        Describe the constituents of plasma.
4.        Explain the basis for classifying leukocytes as granular or agranular.
5.        Discuss the physiological role of hemoglobin.
6.        Describe the structure of platelets (thromboplastids) and explain function (especially in terms of clotting and regulation of vasomotor responses).
7.        Describe the structure, function and percentages of the following white blood cells (WBCs leukocytes):

a) basophils                              b) eosinophils                          c) lymphocytes
d) monocytes                           e) neutrophils (polymorphonuclear leukocytes)

8.        Discuss the roles of neutrophils and monocytes (and macrophages) in the inflammatory process.
9.        Describe how RBCs perform their physiologic function in a different tissue compartment than do WBCs.
10.     Describe the proportion of RBCs and WBCs normally found in blood.
11.     Describe the development of platelets from megakaryocytes.
12.     Describe the life spans of typical RBCs and WBCs.
13.     Briefly describe the process of hemopoiesis.
14.     Briefly describe the structure and function of red and yellow bone marrow.

Circulatory System

The student will:
1.        Briefly describe the structure and function of cardiac muscle, including how it differs from skeletal muscle.
2.        Describe the structure, function and typical locations of elastic arteries, muscular arteries and small arteries (and arterioles).
3.        For each of the three major types of arteries, describe the function of the:

a)  tunica adventitia                b)  tunica media                      c)  tunica intima

4.        Contrast the function and distribution of the internal elastic membrane (lamina) and external elastic membrane (lamina in the major types of arteries.
5.        Describe the three layers of the heart (epicardium, myocardium and endocardium).
6.        Describe the structure and function of veins (large, medium and venules).
7.        Briefly describe the structure and function of capillaries.
8.        Briefly describe the innervation of blood vessels
9.        Briefly describe the structure of the lymphatic vessels (including lymphatic capillaries).

“Laboratory” experience:
1.        Identify the formed elements of the blood.
2.        Differentiate the various vessels in the circulatory system and name their components.
3.        Identify bone marrow and its elements.
4.        Identify heart muscle.

Respiratory System

The student will:
1.        Describe the structure (including cell types) and function of the conducting and respiratory portions of the respiratory system.
2.        Briefly describe the anatomy and physiological function of the nasal         cavities and the nasopharynx.
3.        Briefly describe the structure and function of:

a)       olfactory and respiratory mucosa
b)      olfactory and respiratory epithelium
c)        turbinates
d)       larynx

4.        Briefly describe the cellular layers of the trachea and the bronchi and their function.
5.        Explain the role of cartilage in the tracheobronchial tree.
6.        Describe the structure and explain the function of the pulmonary alveoli including associated cells (e.g., type I, type II alveolar cells, Clara cells)
7.        Describe the structure and explain the function of the alveolar-capillary         complex (including thick and thin portions)
8.        Explain the function of the pores of Kohn.
9.        Explain how the cell structure and function of the respiratory system         protects alveoli from inhaled particulate matter.
10.     Briefly describe the blood supply to the lungs.
11.     Briefly describe the lymphatic supply to the lung.

“Laboratory” experience
Describe and identify the following:

a)      alveolar sac
b)      alveolar duct
c)      anatomical difference between the right and left lungs
d)      bronchiole
e)       bronchopulmonary segment
f)       hilus
g)      lobar bronchus
h)      parietal pleura
i)        pulmonary alveoli
j)        respiratory bronchiole
k)      terminal bronchiole
l)      visceral pleura

Immune System

The student will:
1.        Describe features of acute inflammation.
2.        Explain various pathways to activate complement.
3.        Explain the main events that occur in the response to injury and wound healing.
4.        List the phases of wound healing and the main events that occur during each phase.
5.        Explain the formation of a platelet plug and clot formation.
6.        List the major mediators of inflammation and explain the actions of each.
7.        Discuss the vascular responses that occur during the inflammatory response and how they differ from vascular changes that occur immediately following trauma.
8.        Briefly explain the difference between the cell-mediated response (cell mediated immunity) and the humoral response (antibody-mediated immunity).
9.        Contrast B-lymphocytes with T-lymphocytes.
10.     Define an antigen.
11.     Explain what is meant by margination of leukocytes.
12.     Explain how leukocytes move from the vascular system to the wound site (include factors that guide this movement).
13.     Explain the roles that neutrophils and monocytes/macrophages play in the inflammatory process and how/if each affects granulation tissue formation.
14.     Explain the process of phagocytosis.
15.     Explain the function of diffuse lymphatic tissue and nodules.
16.     Briefly describe the structure and explain the function of lymph nodes.
17.     Briefly explain the formation of lymph.
18.     Compare and contrast lymph nodes and the spleen.

“Laboratory” experience

1. Define and explain the role of each of the following in the immune response:

a) plasma cells                        g) T-helper lymphocytes
b) memory cells                      h) T-suppressor lymphocytes
c) complement                         i) lymphokines
d) macrophages                      j) immunoblasts
e) primary response             
f) secondary response

2. Define and identify:

a) granulation tissue                b) scar tissue                    c) fibroplasias
d) hypertrophic scar                 e) angiogenesis                f) keloid scar
g) myofibroblast

Oral and Salivary Tissue

The student will:
1.        Discuss the various tissue types of the tongue and explain the role each plays in the mechanical and chemical breakdown of food.
2.        Describe the histological components of the papillae, taste buds, lingual glands and lingual tonsils?
3.        Describe the lamina propria and explain its role in the oral cavity.
4.        Describe the major salivary glands, their secretions, and their locations.
5.        Contrast the  basic structure of serous-secreting with mucous-secreting cells.
6.        Know the number of teeth for a child and an adult human.
7.        Explain why tooth enamel is the hardest substance in the body.
8.        Explain the histological features of the soft palate and how these features aid its physiologic roles?
9.        Explain the histological features of  the epiglottis and the function of the epiglottis.

“Laboratory” experience

1.        Identify lymphocytes and antigen presenting cells.
2.        Identify thymic tissue and differentiate the cortex and the medulla.
3.        Discuss the structure and organization of lymph nodes.
4.        Explain splenic function as determined by its architecture.
5.        Differentiate mucous-secreting and serous-secreting cells in salivary glands.
6.        Identify the papillae of the tongue.
7.        Identify the layers of the tooth.

Gastrointestinal Tract

The student will:
1.        Explain the five main phases of food breakdown for absorption by the body.
2.        Name and describe the component of the GI tract involved in each of the five main phases of food breakdown.
3.        Define

a)     Chyme
b)     Peristalsis

4.        Contrast the four distinct layers of the GI tract.
5.        Describe Meissner’s plexi and their location.
6.        Describe Auerbach’s plexus and explain its role.
7.        Describe lymphoid tissue in the gut.

“Laboratory” experience
1.        Compare structures of the GI tract.
2.        Name and identify the distinctive features of parts of the GI tract.
3.        Identify the four distinct functional layers of the GI tract.

Liver / Gallbladder / Pancreas

The student will:
1.        Explain the major functions of the liver.
2.        Describe the structure of a hepatic acinus.
3.        Describe the hepatic vasculature.
4.        Explain the exocrine and endocrine functions of the pancreas.
5.        Identify the Islets of Langerhans.
6.        List the secretions of the pancreas and explain their functions.

“Laboratory” experience
1.        Identify the microstructure of the liver, pancreas, and gallbladder.
2.        Identify endocrine and exocrine pancreas.

Urinary Tract

The student will:
1.        Describe how nephrons perform the functions of osmoregulation and excretion.
2.        Describe how the kidney performs in homeostasis by producing or         modifying various hormones.
3.        Describe the blood supply to the kidneys.
4.        Describe the structure of the kidney
5.        What comprises the renal corpuscle?  What is its role?
6.        What comprises the renal tubule?  What is its role?
7.        Name the layers of Bowman’s capsule.
8.        Describe glomerular filtration.  Name the layers through which the filtrate passes.

“Laboratory” experience
1.        Describe the layers of the kidney.
2.        Identify

a)       the renal nephron and its components.
b)       the renal vasculature components.
c)       Bowman’s space.
d)       juxtaglomerular cells.
e)       the ureter and its layers.
f)        the bladder and its layers

Endocrine

The student will:
1.        Explain ductless glands?
2.        Describe the location and function of the pituitary gland.
3.        Describe the location and function of the thyroid gland.
4.        Describe the function and location of the parathyroid glands.
5.        Describe the function and location of the adrenal glands.
6.        Describe the function and location of the pineal gland.

Female Reproductive System

1.        Explain the six major functions of the female reproductive tract.
2.        Describe how the reproductive system may be divided into three structural units based on function.
3.        Describe the developmental events and stages of follicular development.
4.        Relate the stages of the endometrial cycle to the menstrual cycle.
5.        Describe the structure and function of the human breasts.

Male Reproductive System
1.        Describe the four major functional components of the male reproductive system.
2.        Describe the testes.
3.        Describe spermatogenesis and spermiogenesis.
4.        Explain the structure of spermatozoa, including the role of mitochondria.
5.        Describe the exocrine glands involved in  the male reproductive tract and their roles in seminal fluid production.

“Laboratory” experience

1.        Identify

a)       the anterior and posterior pituitary.
b)       components of the thyroid follicle
c)       the three zones of the adrenal cortex.
d)       the layers of the testes.
e)       Spermatocytes
f)        components of the ovary

2.        Locate

a)        the pituitary pars intermedia.
b)       chromaffin cells.

3.        Differentiate chief (principal) cells and oxyphil cells.
4.        Name and locate the two main cell types of the pineal gland.
5.        Define the acrosomal head cap.
6.        Differentiate Leydig and Seroli cells.
7.        Recognize follicular development and corpus luteum.
8.        Differentiate proliferative and secretory endometrium.

Special Senses

The student will:

1.        Describe the layers of the eye.
2.        Describe olfactory receptors.
3.        How do we taste food?
4.        Name the components of the external, middle, and internal ear. 
5.        Describe the role of each in hearing.
6.        Understand how the ear contributes to our sense of balance.

“Laboratory” objectives
1.        Differentiate the cells of taste buds.
2.        Identify:

a) sustentacular cells    
b) basal cells    
c) olfactory knob  
d) olfactory cilia    
e) olfactory receptor cells

3.        Recognize the layers of the retina and its component cells.
4.        Identify a canal of Schlemm.
5.        Identify the cochlea and the organ of Corti.

 

Course Schedule
Tuesdays: 1-3pm, Thursday: 1:30-3:30pm

*Case study

Grading Criteria:

Student performance will be evaluated by four written examinations. Examinations include multiple choice and short answer test items.

Course Grades:

The following weights will be used to determine the final course grade.

Examination I                       20 %
Examination II                      30 %
Examination III                     20 %
Examination IV                     30 %