Table I. Summary of topics, methods and selected findings of agricultural health and safety research by ethnic/racial minority group

(Groupings formed by worker type, race/ethnicity and region)

	Research topics	Methods used	Results (selected findings) *refer to studies for complete results
Migrant or seasonal farmworkers
Hispanic, Southeast published studies: 15	A. injury fatality rates (vs. farmers) occupational injury B. communicable disease intestinal parasites, risk factors prevalence of PPD positivity, active TB, Risk factors active TB incidence sero-prevalence of 3 parasitic diseases C. environmental exposures green tobacco sickness incidence pesticide exposure risks, morbidity pesticide knowledge and beliefs extent of pesticide safety training water quality D. overall health health status E. social factors economic and social conditions affecting quality of life	(5) survey (4) interview (2) PPD (2) focus group (1) water testing (1) screenings (1) clinical measures (1) cholinesterase testing (1) chest x-rays (1) blood test & history	A. 80% of injuries: broken bones, sprains or cuts A. 16 per 100K worker-year farm workers vs. 38 for farm owners A. 65% of seriously injured did not receive prompt care A. employers covered medical expenses for 38% (5/13) of injured workers B. 31% TB +, 52% BCG, 20% BCG and TB+ B. 33% TB positivity in Hispanics (lower than African-Americans and Haitians); active disease .47% B. 41% had GTS in one year; most no precautions; 9% sought medical treatment; 7% lost work time B. cysticercosis: 10%; T .cruzi: 2%; plasmodia: 4.4%, one active Malaria B. study population: 53% Hispanic; 5% HIV+, 44% TST+, 8% syphilis +, 47% no condom use C. 1/3 ever received pesticides training/information; 25.6 % received training this year C. 50 % reported being sprayed by pesticides, working in field with obvious chemical smell. C. camp water: 44%+ total coliforms, 26%+ fecal coliforms; rates increased in a second year C. cholinesterase levels significantly lower among farmworkers (30.28 vs. 32.3 U/g hemoglobin) C. workers concerned with acute exposure; little knowledge of long term effects C. farmers unaware farmworkers are exposed because they do not mix or apply the pesticide C. farmworkers do not recognize the skin as a site of chemical absorption C. few knew routes of exposure or use protective measures D. common medical problems: dental, musculoskeletal, muscle spasms, skin rashes, hypertension D. common symptoms: headaches, difficulty seeing, body pains, chest pains/discomfort, joint stiffness E. employers have preferences for certain ethnic groups as workers E. extreme poverty; largely Hispanic; growing proportion of "single" males E. majority single, male, 25-44 years, < 6years education, rent E. services subsidize farm labor-allowing wages to stay low E. workers tend to press for changes only after attaining security, stability, respect E. farm workers who use contractors tend not to speak English or own cars
Hispanic, West (California) published studies: 14	A. injury injury causes commodity-specific farm injuries driving behaviors/ knowledge B. communicable disease tuberculin reactivity C. environmental exposures dermatitis prevalence, risk factors smoking status, pulmonary function prevalence of respiratory symptoms meaning of decreased FVC in grape workers	(6) survey (6) interview (5) direct observation (1) focus group (1) TST w/ X-ray (1) medical surveillance (1) spirometry (2) injury reports (1) safety walk through (1) first aid records (2) ergo risk screening	A. 18.5% injuries compensated by worker's compensation A. 20% associate injury w/ farm work, equipment and transportation. A. 4.5% of workers had injury in previous year A. 70% received safety training for task prior to injury A. 75% w/ children <4 yrs say use safety seats - 34% observed using safety seats A. 86% say always belted -37% observed using belts A. causes of fatalities: (1) MVA involving tractors, (2) farm machinery / tractor episodes A. common injuries: finger wound, back strains, sprains, contusions, fractures, open wounds A. common injury causes: overexertion, cutting/piercing objects, tools A. injury prevalence: 24% lower back, 19% upper back, and 18% wrist A. injury rate: 28.7 per 100 B. 16.6% Tuberculin reactivity, high reactivity among foreign-born C. 15% reported headaches on the job C. current smoking, age, F sex, working > 8 months/ yr in AG associated with respiratory symptoms C. no demonstrated causal relationship between grape work and lower FVC C. skin disease may be causally associated with exposures and lack of protective equipment.

	Research topics	Methods used	Results (selected findings)
Hispanic, West (California) , continued	D. overall health overall health status E. social factors economic, social conditions affecting quality of life F. intervention evaluation evaluation of intervention reducing the grape harvest load evaluating ladder modifications on safety and acceptance impact of specifically developed handles for plant containers in reducing musculoskeletal disorder H. ergonomic exposures priority musculoskeletal concerns engineering interventions		D. underutilization, poor access to preventive care D. 1/3 dental problems, 40% report musculoskeletal > 1 week, 20% report itchy eyes E. shortage of skilled supervisors E. community has developed informal networks to accommodate the farm labor E. dependence keeps them in the migrant labor workforce E. services which make workers able to work (like transportation) also make them dependent F. musculoskeletal disease lowered by reducing the load carried by workers to 50 pounds F. new design may cause decrease in productivity due to heaviness F. some resistance to using ladders, although acknowledge safety benefits F. average lifting index was reduced from 2.27 to 1.20 for 1-gallon containers and 5.20 to 3.26 for 5 gallon containers; reduced forward flexion from 64.46% to 43.95% with 1-gallon and 22.00% to 11.15% with 5 gallon containers F. overall the program was successful - helped to break down barriers between this target group and health care H. ergonomic concerns—slips and falls (field work); lifting/ carrying (Shipping); repetitive hand tasks (propagation/ canning). H. musculokeletal disease from OSHA 200 log and First aid reports—highest number in back injury followed by other upper extremities. Suggested engineering strategies are lightweight handles for lifting and carrying cans; handles for cans mounted on hand trucks; raised working platforms in canning offloading area; hydraulic tilting trailers; powered clippers and cutters
Hispanic, Northeast published studies: 9	A. injury methods for future injury research B. communicable disease PPD prevalence C. environmental exposures severity of pesticide exposure E. social factors social/political working environment related to injury drinking, farm and camp life economic characteristics economic returns from physical, mental health investments poverty economic, social conditions affecting quality of life	(7) interview (4) survey (2) focus groups (1) record review (1) PPD (1) pesticide application (1) occupational/ medical (1) history (1) cholinesterase levels (1) direct observation	A. farmworkers more willing to participate if researchers are known A. interest and support among growers toward research A. opposition to interviewing farmworkers regarding work injury B. 27% PPD positivity C. depressed cholinesterase levels during field work; might indicate pesticide exposure E. 94% received housing and/or utilities E. average = 3.83. of 13 possible fringe benefits received by migrants E. common benefits: 60% end of season cash bonus, 50% loans and credits; 36% discounted rates on commodities; 30% transportation allowance; 27% worker’s comp, 21% health insurance E. drinking related to learned social behaviors and culture E. economy very connected to Florida labor conditions E. legal and social agencies have improved working conditions E. mean income substantially below poverty level. E. mental well-being predictive of earnings E. New Jersey nurseries: contract worker use on the increase, multi-tiered labor force more incentives for workers than other commodities; ineffective on local force E. pressures of reliability of workforce vs. flexibility E. regular/ occasional drinkers: Puerto Ricans 90%, Mexicans 67%
African-American, Northeast published studies: 5	B. communicable disease TB D. overall health subjective well being E. social factors housing conditions medical utilization economic characteristics	(5) interview (1) PPD	B. 46% PPD pos D. subjective well-being score 78.38, general pop 80.34 E. housing conditions are substandard in 25% home community and 70% at camps E. delay in Medical care—57% immigrants-lack of time E. 25% of all workers expressed fear of or disbelief in medical profession E. 64% visited doctor when faced with bothersome condition E. 31% have used ER; 38% used a clinic; 27% admitted no knowledge of migrant clinics E. health capital investments increase earning potential

	Research topics	Methods used	Results (selected findings)
Hispanic, Midwest published studies: 6	C. environmental exposures respiratory disease prevalence D. overall health health promoting behaviors E. social factors extent of health care, financial assistance needs met economic and social conditions affecting quality of life G. chronic disease cancer knowledge, attitudes	(3) survey (2) focus group (2) interview (1) clinical exam	D. health promoting behaviors valued D. several prevalent medical problems E. increasingly, lone male migrants from Mexico fill jobs E. insurance costs have driven employers out of providing transportation E. lack of work and increasing cost of housing in Texas E. low income E. poor preventive medical care utilization E. relatively stable migrant labor force; migrant families dwindling E. social services provided to workers facilitates their continuing in low wage jobs G. poor cancer knowledge
African-American, Southeast published studies: 7	A. injury impact of injury B. communicable disease HIV prevalence, risk factors E. social factors social support	(2) interview (3) survey (1) clinic reports (1) ER reports (1) HIV screen (1) syphilis test	A. (study population 24% US born black) 80% of injuries: broken bones, sprains or cuts; A. 65% seriously injured did not receive prompt care B. 13% HIV positive B. 16% syphilis reactive B. 46% never use a condom E. 80% turn to crew leader for help E. assistance deemed most helpful: 45% financial; 19% health care; 16% someone to talk to privately; 8% transportation E. employers covered medical expenses for 38% (5/13) of injured workers,
Hispanic, Northwest, (Washington-Oregon) published studies: 2	E. social factors mental/psychosocial issues G. chronic disease use of breast, cervical cancer screening	(1) survey (1) observations of community health promoters	E. 97% Mexican born E. problems: (1) child abuse and neglect, (2) domestic violence (3) adolescent emotional difficulties, (4) substance abuse, (5) mental and somatic disorders, (6) stress-related physical disorders G. underutilization of pap smear, mammography and BSE
Caribbean, Northeast published studies: 1	B. communicable disease TB	(1) interview (1) PPD	B. 83% positivity
Native American, New Mexico published studies: 1	A. injury occupational injury deaths	(1) medical examiner data review	A. Study population: 6.6% American Indian. Had highest farm injury death rate followed by whites and Hispanics. Leading causes of death were tractor use, alcohol, farm animal, electrocution
Hispanic, Colorado published studies: 1	A. injury risk of fatal head injury	(1) death certificates review	A. skull fracture / intra-cranial injury relative risk: 2.5
Haitian, Southeast published studies: 1	B. communicable disease TB	(1) PPD testing	B. 76% PPD positivity
Haitian, Mid-Atlantic published studies: 1	B. communicable disease TB	(1) interview (1) BCG scar check (1) PPD	B. 55% PPD positivity (vs. 37% positive total population)
Hispanic, Southwest (Texas) published studies: 2	D. overall health health patterns E. social factors economic and social conditions affecting quality of life	(1) survey, (2) interview, (2) direct observation, (1) focus group discussions (1) state health record review	D. 1/3 adults positive for TB; UTI common problem among females; children: dental caries and head lice E. patriarchal system contributes to problems with access to health care and social services E. reduction in migrant labor needs E. increasingly difficult to have a full itinerary of jobs E. more workers travel alone E. this group being replaced by new immigrants E. workers becoming more reliant on social services

	Research topics	Methods used	Results (selected findings)
Farm owner-operators
African-American, Southeast published studies: 5	A. injury injury determinants injury risk perceptions previous farm injury prevalence injury types E. social Factors demographic characteristics G. chronic Disease prostate cancer mortality rates	(3) survey (1) Interview (1) focus groups	A. realistic perceptions of farm injury A. both higher and lower injury incidence G. increase prostate cancer mortality
Hispanic, Colorado published studies: 1	A. injury risk of fatal head injury	(1) death certificate review	A. for skull fracture / intra-cranial injury risk: 1.70
Research using a nationwide study population
Migrant and seasonal farmworkers
Hispanic migrant farmworkers published studies: 9	C. environmental exposures pesticide-related skin disease D. overall health occupational health status of farm workers overall health status of farmworkers who use migrant health clinics E. social factors economic and social conditions affecting quality of life F. intervention evaluation change in personal empowerment in camp health aides (CHA) evaluation of peer health education model for expectant mothers	(4) interview (3) survey (1) direct observation (1) focus group/structured (1) review of BLS statistics and worker’s compensation data (1) review of (NAMCS) data (1) personal observations (1) life histories	C. eight active ingredients or mixtures accounted for 51.5% of the skin disease cases. Exposure to naturally occurring plants like poison oak and ivy do not appear to account for the distribution of pesticide associated skin disease among agricultural workers D. 43.9% of farmworkers visiting the clinics had more than one morbidity D. like to see better housing. 67.4 % rarely or never knew which pesticides were used; 57.3% never or rarely knew of field re-entry signs being posted D. most common diagnosis was diabetes mellitus, followed by health of an infant or child D. of the top twenty diagnosis in migrant health clinics, only eight were represented in the NAMCS D. worst health probs: 11.8% pesticide related probs; 10.9% musculoskeletal probs; 10.8% heart probs E. ability to work without legal status, existence of support networks keep new immigrants coming E. direct relationships between good housing and reliable work force (in the North) , but employers are reluctant to make the investment E. farmworkers try to maximize stability in their lives through informal networks E. many workers stay in farm work for many years, as they are kept marginal in American society. E. oversupply of workers E. there are limits to how many workers an informal network can support result is labor contractors E. trends toward unaccompanied Latino males E. under-employment hastens the flight of more productive workers from farm work F. 24 subjects exhibited increase in personal empowerment
Farm owners and farm workers
Hispanic published studies: 2	A. injury agricultural fatalities	NTOF fatalities in Ag industry, excluding fishing sectors and forestry NTOF and CFOI data	A. workers other than black or white had the lowest fatality rate A. young Hispanic workers had an elevated fatality rate. Farm tractor leading cause for both female and male. Although CFOI and NTOF systems showed different values, they did reveal the same trends.
African-American published studies: 2	A. injury agricultural fatalities	NTOF fatalities in Ag industry, excluding fishing sectors and forestry NTOF and CFOI data	A. blacks had the highest fatality A. black workers, especially black farmers identified as having high fatality risks by race. Farm tractor leading cause for both female and male. Although the two systems showed different values, they did reveal the same trends

Table II. Selected Unpublished Agricultural Health & Safety Research and Promotion Activities by Region

Activity Title	Objective
Kentucky, the Carolinas, and the Southeast
The Migrant Network Coalition in Kentucky	a.) heighten awareness about services available to migrant farm workers, avoid duplication of services, determine what additional services are needed, and provide assistance in identifying funding sources for new services
South Carolina Replication of a Community Partnership for Agricultural Safety and Health in a Minority Population	a.) implement a community-based agricultural health and safety program in a minority population, using the model developed by the Kentucky Partnership for Farm Family Safety and Health; b.) Empower a historically black college, South Carolina State University, to increase emphasis on agricultural health and safety
The Medical Spanish for Health Professionals Project	provide physicians with a working knowledge of health-related Spanish vocabulary
The Kentucky Farmworker Health Program	provide outpatient medical care from a primary care physician, basic dental care, and assist with transportation to and from the doctor or pharmacy. Other services include Spanish translation services, health education, and preventive health care services
Kentucky Partnerships to Empower Farm Women to Reduce Hazards to Family Health and Safety	prevent agricultural illnesses, injuries, and fatalities and to promote health and safety in the rural population by mobilizing farm families and their communities through education and raising awareness
Latino Farmworker Musculoskeletal Discomfort and Relief Seeking Behavior	examine work-related musculoskeletal discomfort and how it relates to relief seeking behavior among Latino farm workers employed in North Carolina field crop production
Student Incentive Awards Migrant/Transit Project: Toward More Accessible Health Care	use field research and GIS analysis to integrate rural health and rural transportation literatures by examining the Kentucky Migrant Health Program
Wisconsin and the Midwest
Development of a Model to Assess and Communicate Farmworker Occupational Health Risks	describe potential occupational health risks involved with tasks by type of production. Work is also being done on gathering demographic information on migrant farmworkers, geographic location, crops, and tasks performed in this region.
Migrant Farmworker Youth Activities	generate specific recommendations for research, education, and programs addressing the occupational health and safety needs of migrant or seasonal farmworker adolescents (12 - 17 years) who are engaged in activities related to agriculture
Colorado and High Plains
Collaborative Projects	facilitate Spanish Translation of North Dakota's health and safety curriculum ("Always be Careful") targeting youth, into Spanish
Evaluation of Dust and Endotoxin in the Total Dust and Thoracic Mass Obtained from Corn Storage and Processing Facilities in Colorado	look at thoracic particulate mass in corn dust and total thoracic particulate mass in corn dust
Health and Safety Consultation	identify hazards in feed mills
Health and Safety Training	deliver health and safety training presentations based on client requests, according to the Worker Protection Standard
Migrant Farm Worker Safety and Health	work with Americorps students and Ag Sciences about co-sponsoring Environmental Protection Agency Worker Protection Standard training
1998 Migrant Worker Health Evaluations	a.) assist workers in obtaining EPA certification under the Worker Protection Standard; b.) conduct training with the Migrant Head Start Program; c.) visit migrant residence camps to identify hazards; d.) obtain potable water samples to evaluate the safety of the drinking water source
TB among migrant farmworkers in Northeastern Colorado	a.) work in collaboration with the Salud Migrant Health Clinic to determine the prevalence of positive TB tests among the migrant farm workers in northeastern Colorado; b.) provide counseling and appropriate follow-up treatment for participants who test positive
Washington, Oregon, and the Northwest
A Hazard Evaluation in the Apple Warehouse Industry	a.) identify health and safety and ergonomic hazards in the Washington apple warehouse industry. Expected exposures of interest include: noise, carbon monoxide, risk factors for musculoskeletal disorders, pesticides and temperature (cold); b.) document self-reported health effects occurring among packing house workers; c. ) identify existing controls for reducing worker injury and illness to the industry
Cholinesterase Monitoring of Pesticide Applicators in Washington State	a.) evaluate the accuracy of cholinesterase determinations performed on the EQM Testmate Kit under field conditions as compared to a reference laboratory; b.) to examine whether a field-based kit provides advantages in promptness of worker removal
Identification of Injury Problem Areas	a.) employ various regional data sources to identify agricultural-related injury problem areas; b.) estimate the 1 yr cumulative incidence of work-related injury in 1999 among adult Hispanic farm workers; c.) determine the distribution of work-related injuries among adult Hispanic farmworkers by injury type, cause of injury and other injury characteristics; d.) determine the potential risks factors for injuries among Hispanic farm workers
Occupational Skin Disorders in Northwest Farming, Fishing, and Forestry	develop interventions to control the major causes of farming workplace dermatitis
Perception of Risk among Female Workers in the Fruit Packing Industry: A Biocultural Approach	investigate workers' perception of health and safety hazards, as well as socioeconomic and demographic constraints in work opportunities
Prevention of Agricultural Injuries that result from Ladder Falls	collaborate with WA Dept of Labor and Industries to evaluate its eye and ladder accident prevention program
Injuries and Awareness of Worker Compensation Options among Farm Workers in the Yakima Valley, WA	study injury experience and awareness of worker compensation options among Hispanic farm workers in Yakima Valley, WA
Neurological Effects of Organophosphorus Insecticides in Farmworkers	determine whether farm workers exhibit neurological changes following one season of exposure to low levels of organophosphorus insecticides, and whether these changes are persistent
Florida and the Deep South
Development of an Agricultural Injury Surveillance System	develop an agricultural injury surveillance system to detect the incidence of agricultural injuries and related deaths among farm workers and their families
Heat Stress Management Among Migrant and Seasonal Farmworkers	a.) characterize heat stress exposures among migrant and seasonal farm workers; b.) characterize the workplace and cultural constraints in managing farm worker heat stress exposures; c.) develop a prototype heat stress management approach.
Translation of Materials and Programs That Are Used in Education and Intervention Into Spanish	translate safety materials into Spanish, and provide on-site training in Spanish.
Project Safe: A Farm Safety Program for Florida Minority Farmers	Phase I: a community-based assessment of the occupational injury prevention knowledge and behavior of African-American farm women. Phase II: develop culturally sensitive intervention strategies to increase minority farmers’ knowledge of occupational risks and injury prevention
Health Effects of Pesticides on Farm Workers in Southern Dade County	determine whether minorities, by race, are more susceptible to pesticide health effects than non-minorities (white, non-Hispanic) and to evaluate methods for the reduction in the use of pesticides in South Florida. The GIS ( Geographic Information System) is used to analyze relationships
Texas, Arkansas, New Mexico, and the Southwest
Addressing Agricultural Safety Needs in the Arkansas Delta	identify the cause and severity of injuries and fatalities and existing hazards for agricultural workers in this seven county region
Agricultural Injuries Among Navajo Farm Families	develop culturally sensitive, locally determined model interventions to reduce fatalities and injuries among Navajo farm families
Analysis of Regional NAWS Data	analyze the health and work history for the states of Texas, Arkansas, Louisiana, New Mexico, and Oklahoma and to produce a profile with recommendations for further investigation
Migrant Farmworker Health and Safety Needs	publication of results of farmworker perception of safety and health risks survey. Expanded distribution of Farmworker News, a bilingual newspaper devoted to occupational health and safety issues. Development of research track at the Midwest Migrant Stream forum to facilitate communication, research strategies and collaboration among and between research academicians, migrant farmworker advocates, and health care providers
Health and Injury Surveillance Project	determine the risks and issues that face African-American farmers (owners and laborers) in the Arkansas Delta region that may be addressed with interventions
Promoting Farmworker Health and Safety Research	1) provide farm workers with injury prevention information in a culturally appropriate format and language; 2) enhance awareness and resources to improve the quality of research related to occupational health and safety for farm workers
	identification of Migrant and Seasonal farmworkers in a four county region in the West Texas Panhandle
California, Arizona, and the West
Agricultural Surveillance	establish and maintain a statewide agricultural respiratory disease surveillance system, in order to: a.) identify selected cases for potential investigation and development of prevention recommendations; b.) develop and implement broad-based interventions to address the principle causes of agricultural respiratory diseases; c.) disseminate findings
Bridging the Language, Cultural, and Educational Barriers that Impede the Delivery of Health and Safety Information and Training to Agricultural Workers	investigate, develop, and evaluate effective ways to bridge language, cultural, and educational barriers that impede the delivery of safety training and hazard awareness information to agricultural workers and their employers
Assessment of Agricultural Injuries and Illnesses in the Gila River Indian Community	a.) investigate injuries and illnesses on GRIC farms; b.) describe trends, year of occurrence, age of affected individual, gender, ethnicity, level of worker protection training, job classification and the injury or illness; c.) develop a planning and evaluation commission to study the data, including trends, frequency and types of injuries and illnesses, identify available resources, rank and prioritize the hazards and develop a strategic plan to address these concerns; d.) disseminate information concerning farming hazards on the GRIC
Estimating the True Incidence of Pesticide Illness in California	assemble and integrate information from multiple sources about the frequency and circumstances of health effects related to pesticide exposure. In addition to descriptive information, data abstracted from these sources will be linked and used to develop a log-linear model capable of estimating the numbers of cases that escape detection
Measuring Occupational Injuries and Illness Among California's Hired Farm Workers	conduct a comparative assessment of three independent recent unpublished data sets: (NAWS) interviews (1998-2000), CIRS (CAWHS)(1999-2000), and (WCIRB) summary reports (1995-1997), to examine trends in occupational injuries and illnesses among California’s hired farm workers
Extending Pesticide Use Best Practices Information to Ethnic Minority, Limited Resource Specialty Crop Growers	extend culturally appropriate pesticide management and safety information to targeted cultural minority, small scale, specialty crop producers
Behavior Related to Organophosphate Exposure in Children of Migrant Farmworkers	determine the risk of adverse neurologic or neurobehavioral effects of parental agricultural organophosphate exposure comparing children of farmworkers and non farmworkers
Pulmonary Fibrosis and Mineral Content of Lung Tissues from Deceased California Farmworkers	examine the relationship between mineral dust exposure in the farming industry and histopathological changes occurring in the lungs of the California farmworker. The study is also designed to show the importance of airway branching patterns in the deposition, retention, and histopathology associated with mineral dusts in the lung
Detoxifying Pesticide Protective Clothing for Farmworkers	develop a technology that can convert regular clothing into nontoxic, comfortable clothing that will detoxify common pesticides; and to explore detoxification mechanisms of halamine structures on fabric surfaces
Monitoring Fieldworker Infections by Sampling at Their Residence: The 1997 federal Food Safety Initiative.	monitor infections rather than illness. If the risks found are perceived as significant, investigators plan to look further at the manure itself in a later study, with a view to quantifying the risk as a function of the way in which manure has been handled and applied
Study of Pregnancy Outcome	Investigate adverse reproductive outcomes and their association with agricultural work as well as with other risk factors
New York and Pennsylvania
Study of Ergonomic Strain Among Apple Migrant Farmworkers	analyze the ergonomic factors that contribute to upper body strain among apple harvest workers in New York and Pennsylvania apple orchards
Study of Occupational Injury and Illness in Migrant Farmworkers	a.) identify types and frequency of occupational injuries and illnesses experienced by migrant and seasonal farm workers in New York and Pennsylvania who use federally funded migrant health centers. b.) evaluate the relative importance of different injury illness risks experienced by this population, and target prevention efforts accordingly
Safety Training for Apple Orchard Workers	develop orchard safety curriculum and train orchard owners and managers in establishing on the job orchard worker safety program. Will be expanded to other commodities in the near future
Enumerating Migrant and Seasonal Farmworkers in the Northeast	estimate workers and worker hours at risk for injury as part of the multi-state migrant and seasonal farmworker study

Table III. Key Feature of Research in Minority Agricultural Health And Safety

A. Group definition

Race/ethnicity and language

Definition of work (identify tasks)

Geographic location

Other unique features of the combination of race/ethnicity, task, geographic location

B. Occupational health definition (gold standard)

Identification of “given” or unchangeable features

Characteristics of health

C. Occupational health measures

Clinical indicators

Self-reported indicators

Group level indicators

D. Identification of possible causal factors

Physical work environment

Social work environment

Political context

Cultural factors

Comparison with white or other minority groups doing the same jobs

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