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 ƒ   ! ÝÝ    Ýñ ñÔ €  X£ X  X X   ÔÔ €  ô. ô X X£ Ôñ ññ ñÔ ‡  ô¯_ ô ô ô. Ôñ ññ ññ ññ ññ ññ ñÓ    Óñ ññ ñSCHOOL€SAFETY€PROCEDURñ ññ  ññ ñS€Fñ ññ ññ ñES€FOR€ART€AND€INDUSTRIAL€ARTS€PROGRAMSñ ññ ñÐ   	 °      Ðñ ññ ñÓ   ¥    Óñ ññ ñÌñ ññ ñ€€€€€ñ ññ ñÌñ ññ ññ ññ ñ€€€€€€€€€€€ñ ññ ñ€€€€€€€CHAPTER€9.€€PERSONAL€PROTECTIVE€EQUIPMENTÌÌÌÌÌÌ€€€€€Suitable€and€individual€personal€protective€equipment€(such€as€gloves,Ìgoggles,€respirators)€should€be€provided€or€made€available€to€students€andÌstaff€requiring€such€equipment.€€Ì€€€€€It€must€be€remembered,€however,€that€personal€protective€equipment€hasÌits€limitations.€€It€can€be€uncomfortable,€have€fitting€problems,€andÌprotects€only€the€person€wearing€the€personal€protective€equipment.€€ÌÌÌGENERAL€PROCEDURESÌÌ€€€€€Selection€of€personal€protective€equipment€should€be€centralizedÌ(e.g.,€through€the€health€and€safety€committee)€to€ensure€that€properÌequipment€is€chosen,€fit€testing€occurs€and€that€training€is€given€in€itsÌproper€use€and€maintenance.€€A€variety€of€sizes€should€be€made€availableÌsince€one€size€will€not€fit€everyone.Ì€€€€€Written€procedures€should€be€developed€for€the€proper€use€of€personalÌprotective€equipment.€€Wearing€of€personal€protective€equipment€should€beÌmandatory€for€processes€where€it€is€needed€to€prevent€injury.€€RecordsÌshould€be€kept€of€operations€requiring€the€wearing€of€personal€protectiveÌequipment.€€Ì€€€€Procedures€applicable€to€employees€should€also€be€used€for€studentsÌif€they€have€the€same€exposures.ÌÌÌOSHA€PPE€STANDARDÌÌ€€€€€OSHA€has€updated€its€regulations€for€personal€protective€equipment€forÌemployees€(29€CFR€1910.132,€.133,€.135,€.136,€and€.138).€€This€excludesÌrespirators.€€Employers€must€conduct€a€hazard€evaluation€to€determine€ifÌhazards€are€present,€or€likely€to€be€present,€necessitating€the€use€ofÌpersonal€protective€equipment€(PPE).€€If€such€hazards€are€present,€theÌemployer€must:€1)€select€and€have€employees€use€the€types€of€PPE€that€willÌprotect€them;€2)€communicate€selection€choices€to€employees;€and€3)€selectÌPPE€that€properly€fits€each€employee.€€The€employer€must€certify€in€writingÌthat€the€hazard€assessment€has€been€performed.Ì€€€€€Employees€who€are€required€to€wear€PPE€must€be€trained€in€theÌfollowing:€1)€when€PPE€is€necessary;€2)€What€PPE€is€necessary;€and€3)€HowÌto€put€on€and€off,€adjust€and€wear€PPE.€€Employees€must€demonstrate€anÌunderstanding€of€the€training€and€an€ability€to€use€PPE€before€beingÌallowed€to€perform€work€requiring€its€use.€€Retraining€is€necessary€if€anÌemployee€doesn't€show€this€understanding€or€skill,€or€if€changes€in€theÌworkplace€or€types€of€PPE€make€previous€training€obsolete.€€The€employerÌmust€certify€the€training€of€employees.€ÌÌÌRESPIRATORSÌÌ€€€€€Respiratory€protection€should€be€a€last€resort€which€is€used€only€whenÌventilation€and€other€protective€measures€are€not€sufficient.€€In€fact,ÌOSHA€permits€the€use€of€respirators€only€when€effective€engineeringÌcontrols€are€not€feasible,€or€while€they€are€being€instituted.Ì€€€€€In€general,€respirators€should€not€be€used€in€arts€or€industrial€artsÐ   	 ð-@)<   Ðclasses.€€Students,€in€particular,€should€not€be€wearing€respirators.€€If€aÌprocess€is€hazardous,€and€ventilation€is€not€sufficient€or€practical,€thenÌthe€art€or€industrial€art€process€should€not€be€taught.€€The€one€exceptionÌis€the€use€of€NIOSH„approved€toxic€dust€respirators€for€wood€dust€andÌcarving€activities.€Ì€€€€€Employees€wearing€respirators€come€under€OSHA's€respirator€standard.€ÌThis€standard€(29€CFR€1910.134)€has€just€been€updated.€€The€revisedÌstandard€became€effective€April€8,€1998,€with€employers€having€to€be€inÌcomplete€compliance€by€October€5,€1998.€The€revised€standard€can€be€foundÌon€CSA's€web€site€(http://artswire.org:70/1/csa)€in€the€PrecautionsÌsubdirectory.€€The€revised€standard€has€several€new€or€enlargedÌrequirements:€Ì*€a€written€plan€with€work„site€specific€procedures;Ì*€a€hazard€evaluation€to€determine€respiratory€hazards€and€work€conditionsÌin€order€to€help€in€respirator€selection€(compliance€date€September€8,Ì1998);€Ì*€medical€evaluations€to€determine€the€ability€of€employees€to€wear€aÌparticular€respirator;Ì*€fit€testing€of€tight„fitting€respirators;Ì*€training€in€the€safe€use€of€respirators;€andÌ*€regular€respirator€program€evaluations.ÌÌRespiratory€Protection€ProgramÌÌ€€€€€OSHA€requires€employers€to€develop€and€implement€a€written€respiratoryÌprotection€program€with€work„specific€procedures€and€procedures€forÌrespirator€use.€The€program€must€be€administered€by€a€trainedÌadministrator,€and€must€include€the€following€features.€Ì1.€Whenever€respirators€are€necessary€to€protect€health€or€whenever€anÌemployer€requires€wearing€of€respirators,€there€must€be€a€writtenÌrespiratory€protection€program€with€the€following€elements:Ì*€procedures€for€selecting€respirators;Ì*€medical€evaluation€of€employees€required€to€wear€respirators;€€Ì*€fit„testing€procedures€for€tight„fitting€respirators;Ì*€procedures€for€proper€use€of€respirators€in€routine€and€emergencyÌsituations;Ì*€procedures€and€schedules€for€maintenance€of€respirators;€€Ì*€procedures€for€proper€functioning€of€atmosphere„supplying€respirators;€€Ì*€training€of€employees€in€hazards€and€proper€use€of€respirators;€and€€Ì*€procedures€for€regularly€evaluating€the€effectiveness€of€the€program.€€Ì2.€If€respirator€use€is€not€required:Ì*€An€employer€may€provide€employees€with€respirators€or€allow€employees€toÌuse€their€own€respirators,€if€the€employer€determines€such€respirator€useÌwill€not€create€a€hazard.€If€voluntary€respirator€wearing€is€allowed,€thenÌthe€employer€must€provide€the€information€in€Appendix€D€of€the€respiratorÌstandard€to€the€respirator€user;Ì*€An€employer€must€have€a€written€respirator€program€that€includes€medicalÌevaluation€of€ability€to€wear€a€respirator€and€adequate€maintenance€of€theÌrespirator.€An€exception€is€when€an€employee€voluntarily€wears€a€filteringÌfacepiece€(dust€mask),€whether€provided€by€the€employee€or€employer.€ÌHowever€the€employer€must€still€make€sure€the€dust€mask€is€not€a€hazard€toÌthe€wearer€and€is€not€dirty€or€contaminated.Ì3.€An€employer€shall€designate€a€program€administrator€who€is€qualified€byÌtraining€or€experience€to€administer€the€program.Ì4.€Employers€shall€provide€respirators,€training,€and€medical€evaluationsÌat€no€cost€to€the€employee.ÌÌÌGLOVES€AND€HAND€PROTECTIONÌÌ€€€€€Many€acids,€solvents,€and€other€liquids€found€in€art€materials€areÌcapable€of€damaging€the€skin€to€cause€dermatitis,€the€leading€occupationalÌdisease.€€Gloves€are€available€that€can€protect€the€hand€against€mostÌhazardous€exposures.€€These€include€chrome„tanned€leather€gloves€forÐ   	 ð-@)<   Ðprotection€against€heat,€sparks,€molten€metal,€chipping€and€cuts;€cotton€orÌfabric€gloves€work€gloves€for€protection€against€dirt,€abrasion,€cold,€andÌchips€or€slivers;€metal€mesh€gloves€for€protection€against€hand€saws,Ìknives,€and€similar€tools;€and€plastic€and€rubber€gloves€to€protect€againstÌtoxic€liquid€chemicals.€€Asbestos€gloves€aren't€recommended€for€use€becauseÌof€the€release€of€hazardous€fibers.€€Ì€€€€€OSHA€requires€that€employers€select€and€require€that€employees€useÌappropriate€hand€protection€when€exposed€to€hazards€that€can€damage€theÌskin€or€can€result€in€skin€absorption€of€harmful€substances€(29€CFRÌ1910.138).€ÌLiquid€PenetrationÌÌ€€€€€There€are€a€wide€variety€of€types€of€rubber€and€plastic€gloves€on€theÌmarket€for€use€with€liquids,€each€with€different€properties.€€ExamplesÌinclude€natural€rubber,€neoprene€rubber,€polyvinyl€chloride,€nitrile,€etc.€ÌThere€is€no€one€type€or€brand€of€glove€which€is€resistant€to€all€kinds€ofÌliquids.€€One€brand€may€be€able€to€resist€turpentine,€but€will€dissolve€inÌxylene,€while€another€brand€may€do€the€opposite.€€Other€gloves,€whileÌseemingly€resistant€to€a€liquid,€actually€allow€permeation€of€theÌsubstance's€vapor.€€Dishwashing,€hairdressing,€and€surgical€gloves€almostÌnever€protect€wearers€against€the€solvents€and€acids€found€in€many€artÌmaterials.Ì€€€€€Liquids,€especially€solvents,€may€penetrate€gloves€either€as€liquidsÌor€as€vapors.€€In€liquid€form,€solvents€can€cause€some€glove€materials€toÌdissolve.€€This€is€usually€apparent€to€the€wearer€as€the€gloves€soften€andÌdisintegrate.€€Vapor€penetration€or€permeation€of€gloves€is€more€difficultÌto€detect€and€may€leave€the€glove€unchanged€in€appearance.€€€€€€€€€SomeÌgeneral€principles,€however,€determine€a€glove€material's€resistance€toÌliquid€and€vapor€penetration:€Ì*€Certain€rubber€or€plastic€glove€materials€are€especially€€suited€toÌresist€particular€solvents€or€acids.€Ì*€Denser€gloves€manufactured€by€a€solvent„dipping€process€are€usually€moreÌresistant€than€latex„dipped€gloves,€especially€to€vapor€permeation.€€*ÌPenetration€usually€increases€as€glove€thickness€decreases.€€*€The€moreÌconcentrated€the€solution,€the€faster€glove€penetration€can€occur.€€€€Ì*€Heat€and€abrasion€will€adversely€affect€glove€performance.€ÌSelection€of€GlovesÌÌ€€€€€Glove€selection€begins€with€knowledge€of€the€chemical€composition€ofÌyour€materials.€€Material€Safety€Data€Sheets€(MSDSs),€with€the€listing€ofÌingredients€can€be€obtained€from€the€manufacturer.€€Glove€charts€gottenÌfrom€safety€supply€distributors€list€chemical€resistances€rated€onÌperformance€under€ordinary€conditions.€€Remember€that€glove€performanceÌvaries€between€manufacturer€even€if€the€actual€glove€material€is€the€same.€ÌTherefore,€each€chemical€resistance€chart€is€supplier„specific.€€For€glovesÌused€in€special€circumstances,€such€as€with€heated€solutions€or€withÌabrasive€action,€it€is€recommended€that€you€consult€the€manufacturer€orÌtest€the€glove€in€its€particular€application€to€ensure€suitability.€€Ì€€€€€Gloves€are€available€in€various€sizes.€€It€important€that€the€gloveÌfit€well.€€Gloves€also€come€in€a€variety€of€lengths.€€€Be€sure€to€select€aÌglove€of€sufficient€length€to€adequately€protect€the€hand€and€forearm€whileÌworking.€€Ì€€€€€Table€7„4€gives€relative€resistance€ratings€of€certain€glove€materialsÌto€some€commonly€used€liquids€in€industry.€€It€is€adapted€from€a€table€inÌNational€Safety€Council's€3rd€edition€of€Fundamentals€of€IndustrialÌHygiene.€ÌÌ„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„€ÌÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Table€7„4.€€Glove€Selection€ChartÌÐ   	 ð-@)<   Ð€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€GLOVE€MATERIALÌÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Natural€€Neo„€€Buna„N€€Butyl€€PVC€€PVA€€Poly„€€Nitrile€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Rubber€€prene€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€ethyleneÌCHEMICALÌmineral€acidsÌe.g.€Hydrochloric€€€€€€€G€€€€€€E€€€€€€€E€€€€€€G€€€€€G€€€€P€€€€€G€€€€€€€EÌorganic€acidsÌe.g.€Acetic€€€€€€€€€€€€€E€€€€€€E€€€€€€€E€€€€€€E€€€€€E€€€€E€€€€€G€€€€€€€„ÌcausticsÌe.g.€Sodium€hydroxide€€€E€€€€€€E€€€€€€€E€€€€€€E€€€€€G€€€€P€€€€€E€€€€€€€GÌalcoholsÌe.g.€Methanol€€€€€€€€€€€E€€€€€€E€€€€€€€G€€€€€€E€€€€€E€€€€F€€€€€E€€€€€€€EÌaromaticsÌe.g.€Toluene€€€€€€€€€€€€P€€€€€€F€€€€€€€F€€€€€€F€€€€€P€€€€P€€€€€E€€€€€€€EÌpetroleum€distillate€€€€€€€€€€€Ìe.g.€Mineral€spirits€€€€E€€€€€€E€€€€€€€E€€€€€€F€€€€€P€€€€E€€€€€E€€€€€€€EÌketonesÌe.g.Methyl€ethyl€ketone€G€€€€€€G€€€€€€€F€€€€€€E€€€€€NR€€€F€€€€€G€€€€€€€FÌchlorinated€hydrocarbonsÌe.g.€Perchorethylene€€€NR€€€€€€F€€€€€€€F€€€€€€NR€€€€NR€€€E€€€€€G€€€€€€€GÌglycol€ethersÌe.g.€Cellosolve*€€€€€€€€G€€€€€€F€€€€€€€„€€€€€€„€€€€€F€€€€E€€€€€G€€€€€€€P€ÌMISCELLANEOUSÌLacquer€Thinner€€€€€€€€€F€€€€€€NR€€€€€€NR€€€€€F€€€€€F€€€€E€€€€€F€€€€€€€FÌBenzene€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€NR€€€€€€P€€€€€€€G€€€€€€NR€€€€F€€€€E€€€€€F€€€€€€€GÌFormaldehyde€€€€€€€€€€€€E€€€€€€E€€€€€€€E€€€€€€E€€€€€E€€€€P€€€€€E€€€€€€€FÌEthyl€Acetate€€€€€€€€€€€F€€€€€€G€€€€€€€F€€€€€€G€€€€€P€€€€F€€€€€G€€€€€€€FÌVegetable€Oil€€€€€€€€€€€G€€€€€€E€€€€€€€E€€€€€€G€€€€€G€€€€E€€€€€E€€€€€€€EÌAnimal€Fat€€€€€€€€€€€€€€P€€€€€€E€€€€€€€E€€€€€€G€€€€€G€€€€E€€€€€E€€€€€€€EÌTurpentine€€€€€€€€€€€€€€F€€€€€€G€€€€€€€E€€€€€€F€€€€€F€€€€E€€€€€G€€€€€€€EÌPhenol€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€F€€€€€€E€€€€€€€G€€€€€€G€€€€€G€€€€P€€€€€E€€€€€€NR€ÌPHYSICAL€PERFORMANCEÌAbrasion€resistance€€€€€„€€€€€€F€€€€€€€G€€€€€€G€€€€€G€€€€G€€€€€E€€€€€€€EÌCut€resistance€€€€€€€€€€„€€€€€€E€€€€€€€E€€€€€€G€€€€€F€€€€E€€€€€F€€€€€€€EÌPuncture€resistance€€€€€E€€€€€€E€€€€€€€G€€€€€€G€€€€€F€€€€E€€€€€E€€€€€€€EÌHeat€resistance€€€€€€€€€E€€€€€€E€€€€€€€F€€€€€€P€€€€€P€€€€F€€€€€P€€€€€€€FÌFlexibility€€€€€€€€€€€€€F€€€€€€G€€€€€€€F€€€€€€G€€€€€F€€€€F€€€€€G€€€€€€€GÌDry€Grip€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€E€€€€€€G€€€€€€€G€€€€€€F€€€€€E€€€€E€€€€€G€€€€€€€GÌWet€Grip€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€G€€€€€€F€€€€€€€G€€€€€€F€€€€€E€€€€E€€€€€G€€€€€€€F€€*Ìfrom€glove€manufacturer€€dataÌKey:€€E€„€Excellent€€€€€€€G€„€Good€€€€€€€€€€PVC€polyvinyl€chloride€€€€€€€F€Ì„€Fair€€€€€€€€€€€P€„€Poor€€€€€€€€€€PVA€polyvinyl€alcohol€€€€€€NR€„€NotÌRecommendedÌÌ„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„€ÌÌMaintenance€of€GlovesÌÌ€€€€€Periodic€cleaning€and€drying€of€your€gloves€is€necessary€to€keep€themÌfunctional.€€One€therefore€needs€a€spare€pair€of€gloves€to€wear€while€doingÌthis€maintenance.€€Hands€should€be€washed€twice:€€1)€with€the€gloves€on€toÌclean€the€gloves;€and€2)€with€the€gloves€removed€to€clean€the€hands.€€ÌBarrier€Creams€and€Waterless€Hand€CleansersÌÌ€€€€€There€are€also€various€protective€creams,€and€waterless€handÌcleansers.€€Barrier€creams€are€applied€to€the€hands€before€chemicalÌcontact.€€These€barrier€creams€are€less€protective€than€gloves,€use€isÌappropriate€when€gloves€are€impractical.€€Never€use€barrier€creams€for€veryÌcorrosive€chemical€exposure.€€Water„soluble€protective€creams€protectÌagainst€solvents,€cutting€oils,€paints,€lacquers,€and€varnishes,€whileÐ   	 ð-@)<   Ðwater„resistant€types€of€creams€protect€against€contact€with€acrylics,Ìdyebaths,€and€mild€acids.€€One€should€wash€and€reapply€these€creams€oftenÌfor€best€protection.€€€€€€€€Waterless€hand€cleaners€often€contain€solventsÌthemselves,€and€are€not€a€good€substitute€for€plain€soap€and€water€for€handÌcleaning.€€As€an€alternative,€baby€oil€can€be€used€to€remove€paint€fromÌhands.€ÌÌðùðEYE€AND€FACE€PROTECTIONÌÌ€€€€€The€face€and€eyes€must€be€protected€against€a€variety€of€hazards,Ìincluding€flying€particles€(chipping,€grinding,€etc.),€radiation€(welding,Ìglassblowing,€carbon€arcs,€kilns,€foundries)€and€chemical€splash€(acids,Ìcaustics,€solvents,€etc.),€molten€metal€splashes,€chemical€gases€or€vapors,Ìetc.€€OSHA€requires€that€employees€use€appropriate€eye€or€face€protectionÌwhen€exposed€to€these€hazards€(29€CFR€1910.133).€€PPE€purchased€after€JulyÌ5,€1994€must€comply€with€American€National€Standards€Institute€Practice€forÌOccupational€and€Educational€Eye€and€Face€Protection€(ANSI€publicationÌZ87.1„1989).€€PPE€purchased€before€July€5€must€comply€with€ANSI€Z87.1„Ì1968,€or€be€demonstrated€to€be€equally€effective.€€All€eye€and€faceÌprotection€devices€meeting€this€standard€have€the€Z87€logo€stamped€on€them.€Ì€€€€One€important€factor€is€that€face€protection€is€different€from€eyeÌprotection.€€In€certain€instances,€you€may€have€to€wear€both€protectiveÌgoggles€and€a€face€shield€to€work€safely.€€The€use€of€a€face€shield€doesÌnot€necessarily€provide€adequate€eye€protection.€Sometimes€individuals€willÌwear€face€shields€when€in€fact€they€only€need€eye€protection.Ì€€€€€Art€Departments€and€Art€Schools€should€have€a€written€policy€mandatingÌthat€students€and€wear€suitable€eye€protection€in€all€studios€where€thereÌis€a€risk€of€chemical€splash,€flying€particles,€or€radiation.ÌÌProtection€Against€ImpactÌÌ€€€€€Protection€against€impact€or€flying€particles€is€of€three€types:€Ìspectacles€with€impact„resistant€lenses€and€side€shields,€flexible€orÌcushioned€goggles,€and€chipping€or€eyecup€goggles.€€For€some€types€ofÌexposure,€a€combination€of€goggles€and€face€shield€is€advised.€OSHAÌrequires€side€protection€when€there€is€a€hazard€from€flying€objects.€€€€€ÌRegular€eyeglasses€do€not€meet€industrial€impact€protection€standards.€ÌFlexible€goggles€are€available€that€can€be€worn€over€eyeglasses.€€InÌaddition€it€is€possible€to€obtain€goggles€with€prescription€lenses.€€€€ÌProtection€Against€RadiationÌÌ€€€€€The€type€of€protection€needed€against€radiation€depends€on€the€type€ofÌradiation€exposure.€€Carbon€arcs€and€electrical€welding€require€protectionÌagainst€ultraviolet,€visible€and€infrared€radiation.€€The€ultravioletÌradiation€can€cause€conjunctivitis€("arc€eye"),€sunburn,€and€skin€cancer.€ÌA€face€shield€is€necessary€as€well€as€welding€goggles.€€Table€7„6€listsÌminimum€shade€numbers€for€various€operations,€according€to€OSHA.€€InÌgeneral,€the€rule€is€to€use€the€darkest€shade€possible€that€is€compatibleÌwith€visibility.€€€€€€In€oxyacetylene€welding,€glassblowing,€soldering,Ìpottery€and€enameling€kilns,€and€foundry€work€involving€molten€metal,€theÌconcern€is€mostly€with€protection€against€the€visible€and€infraredÌradiation.€€Over€a€period€of€years,€exposure€to€infrared€radiation€can€leadÌto€the€development€of€cataracts.€€Goggles€protecting€against€infraredÌradiation€are€recommended.€In€the€case€of€foundry€pours,€a€face€shieldÌprotecting€against€infrared€radiation€is€also€recommended.€€Plastic€lensesÌare€recommended€where€there€is€a€risk€of€molten€metal€splash.€€For€lookingÌin€pottery€or€enameling€kilns,€use€goggles€with€a€shade€number€between€1.7Ìand€3.€€For€glassblowing€and€foundry,€a€shade€number€of€3„5€is€often€used.€ÌSpecial€infrared€goggles€are€also€available.€ÌÌÐ   	 ð-@)<   Ð‡ÌÌÌ========================================================================€€€€Ì€€€€€Table€7„6.€€Filter€Lenses€for€Protection€Against€Radiant€Energy€ÌÌOperations€€€€€€€€€€Electric€arc€size€€€€€€Arc€current€€€€€€Minimum€*€€€€€€€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€(1/32€inch)€€€€€€€€€€€(amps)€€€€€€€€€€Protective€€€€€€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€ShadeÌ„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„ÌShielded€metal€€€€€€€Less€than€3€€€€€€€€€€Less€than€60€€€€€€€€€7€Ìarc€welding€€€€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€3„5€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€60„160€€€€€€€€€€€€€8€€€€€€€€€€€€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€5„8€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€160„250€€€€€€€€€€€10€€€€€€€€€€€€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€More€than€8€€€€€€€€€€€€250„550€€€€€€€€€€€11Ì„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„€ÌGas€metal€arc€€€€€€€€Less€than€60€€€€€€€€€€€€€€7Ìwelding€and€€€€€€€€€€€€€60„160€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€10Ìflux„cored€arc€€€€€€€€€160„250€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€10Ìwelding€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€250„500€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€10Ì„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„Ì€Gas€Tungsten€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Less€than€50€€€€€€€€€6€€€€€€€€Ì€arc€welding€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€50„150€€€€€€€€€€€€8€€€€€€€€€€€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€150„500€€€€€€€€€€€€10Ì„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„ÌAir€carbon€arc€€€€€€€€€(Light)€€€€€€€€€€€Less€than€500€€€€€€€€10€Ìcutting€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€(Heavy)€€€€€€€€€€€€€500„1000€€€€€€€€€€€11Ì„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„€ÌPlasma€arc€welding€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Less€than€20€€€€€€€€€€6€€€€€€€€€€€€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€20„100€€€€€€€€€€€€€8€€€€€€€€€€€€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€100„400€€€€€€€€€€€10€€€€€€€€€€€€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€400„800€€€€€€€€€€€11Ì„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„ÌPlasma€arc€cutting€€€€€(Light)€**€€€€€€€€Less€than€300€€€€€€€€€8€€€€€€€€€€€€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€(Medium)€**€€€€€€€€€300„400€€€€€€€€€€€€€9€€€€€€€€€€€€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€(Heavy)€**€€€€€€€€€€€400„800€€€€€€€€€€€€10Ì„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„ÌTorch€brazing€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€3€€€€€€€ÌTorch€soldering€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€2€€€€€€ÌCarbon€arc€welding€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€14€€€€€€€€Ì„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„€ÌÌOperation€€€€€€€€€€Plate€thickness€€€€Plate€thickness€€€€€€€€Minimum€*€€€€€€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€(inches)€€€€€€€€€€€(mm)€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Protective€€€€€€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€ShadeÌ„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„€€€ÌGas€Welding:Ì€€€€€Light€€€€€€€€€€€Under€1/8€€€€€€€€€Under€3.2€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€4€€€€€€€€€€€Ì€€€€€Medium€€€€€€€€€€1/8€„€1/2€€€€€€€€€3.2„12.7€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€5€€€€€Ì€€€€€Heavy€€€€€€€€€€€Over€1/2€€€€€€€€€€Over€12.7€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€6Ì„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„ÌOxygen€Cutting:Ì€€€€Light€€€€€€€€€€€Under€1€€€€€€€€€€€Under€25€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€3€€€€€€€€€Ì€€€€Medium€€€€€€€€€€€€1„6€€€€€€€€€€€€€€25„100€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€4€€€€€€€€€€Ì€€€€Heavy€€€€€€€€€€€Over€6€€€€€€€€€€€€Over€100€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€5Ì„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„€Ì*€As€a€rule€of€thumb,€start€with€a€shade€that€is€too€dark€to€see€the€weldÌzone.€€The€go€to€a€lighter€shade€which€gives€suficient€view€of€the€weldÌzone€without€going€below€the€minimum.€€In€oxyfuel€gas€welding€or€cuttingÌwhere€the€torch€produces€a€high€yellow€light,€it€is€desirable€to€use€aÌfilter€lens€that€absorbs€the€yellow€or€sodium€line€in€the€visible€light€ofÐ   	 ð-@)<   Ðthe€(spectrum)€operation.Ì**€These€values€apply€where€the€actual€art€is€clearly€seen.€€Experience€hasÌshown€that€lighter€filters€may€be€used€when€the€arc€is€hidden€by€theÌworkpiece.ÌÌSource:€€29€CFR€1910.133€Eye€and€face€protection.Ì========================================================================€ÌÌÌÌProtection€Against€Chemical€SplashÌ€€€€€Protection€against€chemical€splash€depends€on€the€severity€of€theÌproblem.€€For€work€with€hot,€concentrated€acids€in€large€amounts,€completeÌacid€hoods€covering€head€and€shoulders€are€available.€€In€other€cases€faceÌshields€and€goggles€or€simply€chemical€goggles€with€baffled€ventilation€areÌsufficient.€€For€eye€irritants,€you€should€choose€unventilated€goggles.€€€€€ÌIf€chemicals€splash€in€the€eyes,€it€is€necessary€to€flush€the€eyes€withÌwater€for€15„20€minutes€and€consult€a€physician.€€(See€the€first€aidÌsection€of€Chapter€4.)ÌÌContact€LensesÌÌ€€€€€There€has€been€considerable€controversy€about€wearing€contact€lensesÌin€the€presence€of€chemical€fumes,€vapors,€or€splashes,€intense€heat,Ìmolten€metals,€or€high€concentrations€of€particulates.€More€recent€researchÌhas€not€indicated€an€excess€risk€to€the€eyes€of€contact€lens€wearers.€€As€aÌresult,€the€American€College€of€Occupational€and€Environmental€Medicine€andÌother€professional€organizations€have€recommended€that€contact€lenses€beÌpermitted€in€all€occupational€settings€in€combination€with€proper€eyeÌprotection,€except€where€prohibited€for€specific€reasons.€For€individualsÌrequiring€contact€lenses€for€proper€vision,€the€Americans€with€DisabilitiesÌAct€requiring€reasonable€accommodation€would€apply.Ì€€€€€Art€departments€and€art€schools€should€have€a€written€policy€aboutÌcontact€lenses€for€students€and€employees.€€The€policy€should€include:€*Ìidentification€of€contact€lens€users;Ì*€areas€where€contact€lenses€are€not€permitted€and€why;Ì*€emergency€and€first€aid€procedures;Ì*€designation€of€proper€eye€protection;€andÌ*€education€and€training€of€employees€and€students.Ì€€€€€In€case€of€chemical€splashes€in€the€eyes€of€contact€lens€users,€theÌeye€should€be€rinsed€out€with€the€contact€lenses€in€place€to€avoid€theÌdelay€involved€in€removing€the€contact€lenses.ÌÌEquipment€MaintenanceÌÌ€€€€€Goggles€and€face€shields€should€be€regularly€inspected€for€scratches,Ìpitting,€clouding,€etc.€and€replaced€if€necessary.€€They€should€beÌregularly€cleaned,€and€disinfected€if€worn€by€more€than€one€person,€andÌstored€away€from€heat€and€light.ÌÌÌHEARING€PROTECTORSÌÌ€€€€€Excessive€noise€over€a€period€of€years€can€cause€permanentÌnoise„induced€hearing€loss.€€OSHA's€occupational€noise€exposure€standardÌ(29€CFR€1910.95)€established€Permissible€Noise€Exposures.€For€an€8„hourÌday,€the€OSHA€standard€sets€a€maximum€time„weighted€average€sound€level€ofÌ90€dBA€(measured€on€the€A€scale€of€a€sound€level€meter).€€Ì€€€€€If€the€8„hour€exposure€is€over€85€dBA,€then€OSHA€mandates€a€HearingÌConservation€Program€which€involves€regular€hearing€examinations,Ìeducation,€and€provision€of€hearing€protectors.€€If€the€level€is€over€90Ð   	 ð-@)<   ÐdBA,€then€measures€to€reduce€sound€levels€are€required.€€Noise€controlÌmeasures€can€include€quieter€machines,€isolation,€proper€maintenance,Ìsilencers€and€mufflers,€vibration€isolators€(shock€absorbers)€and€soundÌinsulation.€€€€€€The€American€Conference€of€Governmental€IndustrialÌHygienists€(ACGIH)€has€adoped€more€protective€Threshold€Limit€Values€(TLVs)Ìfor€noise€than€OSHA.€Their€8„hour€time€weighted€average€TLV€is€85€dBAÌ(compared€to€OSHA's€90€dBA).€In€addition,€the€ACGIH€adopted€a€increment€ofÌ3€dBA€for€halving€the€exposure€time,€compared€to€OSHA's€5€dBA.€(See€TableÌ7„7)€€The€ACGIH€TLVs€are€intended€to€be€more€effective€at€preventingÌhearing€loss.ÌÌ„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„€ÌTable€7„7.€€€Comparison€of€OSHA€PELs€and€ACGIH€TLVs€for€Noise€ÌExposure€€OSHA€ACGIHÌDuration€€PEL€€TLVÌ(hrs)€€€€€€€€€€(DBA)€€€€€(dBA)ÌÌ24€€€€€€€€€€€€€none€€€€€80Ì16€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€80€€€€€€€€82Ì8€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€90€€€€€€€€85Ì4€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€95€€€€€€€€88Ì2€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€100€€€€€€€91Ì1€€€€€€€€€€€€€105€€94Ì0.5€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€110€€€97Ì0.25€€€€€€€€€€€€€€115€€100Ìceiling€€€€€€€€€€€115€€115ÌÌ„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„€ÌÌ€€€€€Ear€plugs€and€ear€muffs€can€protect€artists€from€excessive€noiseÌexposure€if€engineering€controls€and€other€types€of€precautions€areÌinadequate.€€Standard€earplugs€are€generally€inexpensive€and€are€availableÌin€rubber,€plastic,€wax,€urethane,€foam€and€impregnated€cotton.€(PlainÌcotton€is€not€effective).€Although€plugs€can€be€molded€for€individualÌusers,€€"off€the€shelf"€varieties€made€of€resilient€foam€material€areÌusually€effective€in€conforming€to€individual€ear€shapes.Ì€€€Earmuffs€are€larger€and€more€cumbersome€than€ear€plugs,€but€can€be€moreÌeffective.€€They€are€constructed€of€materials€containing€plastic€or€rubberÌfoam€and€when€well€fit,€provide€a€better€acoustic€seal€than€ear€plugs.€ÌEarmuffs€could€also€be€equipped€with€speakers€like€those€used€for€recordingÌsessions.Ì€€€The€Noise€Reduction€Ratio€(NRR)€is€used€to€determine€the€effectivenessÌof€ear€protective€devices.€€On€the€average,€sound€intensity€is€decreased€byÌ15„30€dB€when€the€subject€is€wearing€correctly€fitting€plugs€or€muffs.€ÌÌOTHER€PERSONAL€PROTECTIVE€EQUIPMENTÌÌ€€€€€There€is€a€wide€variety€of€other€types€of€personal€protectiveÌequipment€available€for€particular€purposes,€including€safety€helmets,Ìsafety€shoes,€protective€leggings€and€sleeves,€heat„resistant€clothing,Ìimpermeable€protective€suits,€etc.€€Ì€€€€€OSHA€requires€that€employees€wear€protective€helmets€when€working€inÌareas€where€there€is€a€potential€for€head€injury€from€falling€objects,€andÌthat€the€helmets€must€be€designed€to€reduce€electrical€shock€hazards€whenÌnear€exposed€electrical€conductors€that€could€contact€the€head€(29€CFRÌ1910.135).€€Helmets€purchased€after€July€5,€1994€must€comply€with€ANSIÌZ89.1„1986€„€"American€National€Standard€for€Personnel€Protection€„ÌProtective€Headwear€for€Industrial€Workers€„€Requirements."€€HelmetsÌpurchased€before€July€5€must€comply€with€ANSI€Z89.1„1969€or€must€beÌdemonstrated€to€be€equally€effective.€Ì€€€€€OSHA€requires€that€employees€must€wear€protective€footwear€whenÐ   	 ð-@)<   Ðworking€in€areas€where€there€is€a€danger€of€foot€injuries€due€to€fallingÌand€rolling€objects,€objects€that€can€pierce€the€sole,€and€where€feet€areÌsubject€to€electrical€hazards.€€The€selection€of€footwear€purchased€afterÌJuly€5,€1994€must€comply€with€ANSI€Z41„1991,€"American€National€StandardÌfor€Personal€Protection€„€Protective€Footwear."€€Equipment€purchased€priorÌto€July€5€must€comply€with€ANSI€Z41.1„1867,€"USA€Standard€for€Men'sÌSafety„Toe€Footwear",€or€be€demonstrated€to€be€equally€effective.Ì€€€€€Personal€protective€equipment€of€all€types€is€available€from€safetyÌequipment€suppliers.€€A€partial€list€of€such€suppliers€is€found€in€AppendixÌ2.€ðùðÌREFERENCESÌÌ1.€A.€M.€Best€Company.€Best's€Safety€Directory.€2€Volumes.€A.M.€Best,ÌOldwick,€NJ.€€€Updated€regularly.ÌÌ2.€American€National€Standards€Institute.€(1989).€€Practice€forÌOccupational€and€Educational€Eye€and€Face€Protection.€€ANSI€Z87.1„1989.€ÌANSI,€New€York,€NY.ÌÌ3.€American€National€Standards€Institute.€€(1980).€€Practices€forÌRespiratory€Protection.€€ANSI€Z88.2„1980.€ANSI,€New€York,€NY.ÌÌ4.€Lab€Safety€Supply.€(1991).€€Your€Guide€to€Proper€Glove€Selection.€€LabÌSafety€Supply,€Janesville,€WI.ÌÌ5.€McCann,€M.€(1992).€€Artist€Beware.€€2nd€ed.,€Lyons€and€BurfordÌPublishers,€New€York,€NY.€€*ÌÌ6.€McCann,€M.€(1989).€Respirators.€€Center€for€Safety€in€the€Arts,€NewÌYork,€NY.€*ÌÌ7.€National€Institute€of€Occupational€Safety€and€Health.€(1976).€€A€GuideÌto€Industrial€Respiratory€Protection.€€DHEW€(NIOSH)€#76„189.€€GovernmentÌPrinting€Office,€Washington,€DC.ÌÌ8.€National€Institute€of€Occupational€Safety€and€Health.€(1988).€€NIOSHÌCertified€Equipment€List€as€of€October€1,€1987.€€DHEW€(NIOSH)€#88„107.€ÌGovernment€Printing€Office,€Washington.ÌÌ9.€Occupational€Safety€and€Health€Administration.€€Occupational€Safety€andÌHealth€Standards€for€General€Industry€„€Respiratory€Protection.€29€CFRÌ1910.134.ÌÌ10.€Plog,€B.€(Ed.)€(1988).€€Fundamentals€of€Industrial€Hygiene.€3rd€ed.,ÌNational€Safety€Council,€Chicago,€IL.ÌÌ11.€Segal€E.€(1997).€€Contact€lenses€and€chemicals.€Cehical€Helath€andÌSafety€4(3):33„37.ðùðÌÔ# †  ô. ô ô ô¯_h   # Ôñ ñ