History

• An “unknown” lung disease in miners in the 1400’s.

• Identified in 1879 in autopsies of European miners as lung cancer (Lymphosarcoma).

• Excess lung cancer deaths observed in uranium miners in U.S., Czechoslovakia, France and Canada.

• Excess lung cancer deaths in other underground miners in Newfoundland, Sweden, Britain, France, Australia, China, and U.S.

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